Revista Cienﬁca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV Recibido: 05/11/2025 Aceptado: 24/01/2026 Publicado: 12/02/2026 UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico 1 of 6 Revista Cienﬁca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXVI UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico Eﬀect of allogenic bone transplantaon from the iliac crest and mandible on fracture healing in rat bia Efecto del trasplante óseo alogénico de la cresta ilíaca y la mandíbula sobre la consolidación de fracturas en bia de rata Burak Karabulut 1 , Murat Tanrisever 2,* , Merve Güney 3 , Delil Dogan 3 , Tugce Donmezer 4 , Ozmen Istek 5 , Erhan Cahit Ozcan 6 , Umit Koray Can 7 , Serkan Dundar 3,α ¹Firat University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Elazig, Türkiye ²Firat University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Elazig, Türkiye ³Firat University, Faculty of Denstry, Department of Peridontology, Elazig, Türkiye ⁴Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Denstry, Department of Periodontology, Tekirdag, Türkiye ⁵Mus Alparslan University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Mus, Türkiye ⁶Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plasc, Reconstrucve and Aesthec Surgery, Elazig, Türkiye ⁷Turkish Jockey Club Elazig Racecourse Horse Hospital, Elazig, Türkiye α Firat University, Instute of Sciences, Department of Stascs, Doctorate Student *Corresponding Author: mtanrisever@ﬁrat.edu.tr, ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare the healing performance of non-vascularized bone allograﬅs harvested from the mandible and the iliac crest in an experimental rat bial fracture model. The rats selected as subjects were divided into four groups: the jaw allogeneic bone (n = 7), the iliac allogeneic bone (n = 7), the fracture control group (n = 7), and the donor group (n = 4). The donor rats were ﬁrst sacriﬁced, and 5 mm thick and 5 mm wide block graﬅs were obtained from the corcocancellous bone poron of the mandible and iliac bones, both right and leﬅ. These graﬅs were securely ﬁxed with Kirshner wires between two bone fragments obtained by cung the corcocancellous bone poron of the rats’ right bias with a disc under serum irrigaon. In the control fracture group, a fracture was created only in the bia and securely ﬁxed with Kirshner wires. Aﬅer an eight week healing period, all rats were sacriﬁced, and their bone ssues were collected for analysis. Healing at the fracture line was assessed by the percentage of new bone formaon for each sample. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests. The percentage of new bone formaon in the mandibular allogeneic transplantaon group was higher than in the control and iliac crest groups (P < 0,05). New bone formaon in the iliac crest allotransplantaon group was lower than in the control group (P < 0,05). Non-vascularized allograﬅs of mandibular origin showed higher new bone formaon in the experimental rat bial fracture model. These ﬁndings suggest that the donor site may play a signiﬁcant role in determining the biological behavior and regenerave capacity of bone allograﬅs. Key words: Allograﬅ transplantaon; non-vascular allograﬅ; new bone formaon; bia fracture; rat. RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objevo comparar el rendimiento de curación de aloinjertos óseos avasculares obtenidos de regiones donantes de cresta ilíaca y mandibular en un modelo de fractura de bia creado en ratas hembras. Ulizando para ello, ratas seleccionadas como sujetos de estudio se dividieron en cuatro grupos: hueso alogénico mandibular (n = 7), hueso alogénico ilíaco (n = 7), grupo control de fractura (n = 7) y grupo donante (n = 4). Las ratas donantes fueron sacriﬁcadas y se obtuvieron injertos en bloque de 5 mm de grosor y 5 mm de ancho de la porción corcocancelosa de la mandíbula y los huesos ilíacos, tanto del lado derecho como del izquierdo. Estos injertos se ﬁjaron ﬁrmemente con agujas de Kirschner entre dos fragmentos óseos obtenidos mediante el corte de la porción corcocancelosa de la bia derecha de las ratas con un disco bajo irrigación sérica. En el grupo control de fractura, se creó una fractura únicamente en la bia, la cual se ﬁjó ﬁrmemente con agujas de Kirschner. Tras un periodo de cicatrización de ocho semanas, todas las ratas fueron sacriﬁcadas y se recolectaron sus tejidos óseos para su análisis. La cicatrización en la línea de fractura se evaluó mediante el porcentaje de formación de hueso nuevo en cada muestra. Los datos se analizaron mediante las pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y U de Mann-Whitney. El porcentaje de neoformación ósea en el grupo de trasplante alogénico mandibular fue mayor que en los grupos control y de cresta ilíaca (P < 0,05). La neoformación ósea en el grupo de trasplante alogénico de cresta ilíaca fue menor que en el grupo control (P < 0,05). Los aloinjertos no vascularizados de origen mandibular mostraron mayor neoformación ósea en el modelo experimental de fractura bial en ratas. Palabras clave: Trasplante de aloinjerto; aloinjerto no vascular; for- mación de hueso nuevo; fractura de bia; rata. https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e361853

Iliac and mandibular allogenic bone transplantaon / Karabulut et al. UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico INTRODUCTION Bone graﬅ applicaons are frequently used in orthopedics and traumatology for cases of delayed fracture healing or bone defects. Non-vascularized bone allograﬅs are preferred due to their ease of surgical access, reduced donor-site morbidity, and extensive experience. However, the osteoinducve (smulang bone formaon) and osteoconducve (providing a framework for bone ssue to grow onto) properes of these graﬅs are thought to vary depending on the donor site, graﬅ structure, bone density, and host environmental condions. The ideal bone graﬅ should possess the properes of osteogenesis (speciﬁcally, containing viable osteoblasts and osteoprogenerator cells), osteoinducon (smulang bone precursor cells to form bone), and osteoconducon. However, while autograﬅs (graﬅs taken from one’s own body) are sll considered the “gold standard,” they have disadvantages such as donor-site morbidity, limited availability, and the need for addional surgery [1]. Allograﬅs (bone ssue taken from another person) are an important alternave to overcome some of these problems, but they introduce new challenges such as donor-host compability, immune response, graﬅ resorpon, and lack of vascularizaon. For example, one evaluaon reported that non-vascularized bone graﬅs can be used with success rates close to 90 %, but they also have signiﬁcant complicaon rates [2]. Donor site selecon stands out as a crical factor aﬀecng graﬅ quality and performance. Clinically, morbidity has been reported to be approximately 4 % for ﬁbular graﬅs harvested from regions such as the and around 40 % for ilium graﬅs [3]. Experimental and clinical data indicate that the donor site inﬂuences not only the graﬅ size but also its corcal/cancellous ssue rao, vascularizaon potenal, mechanical stability, and immune system interacon. For example, graﬅs harvested from the craniofacial region may have advantages in surgical access but may have limitaons in providing adequate mechanical support in long bone defects [4 ,[5]. In this context, examining the impact of donor site diﬀerences on bone healing in animal models is of fundamental scienﬁc and clinical importance. This study compared the healing performance of non-vascularized bone allograﬅs obtained from mandible and iliac crest donor sites in a female rat (Raus norvegicus) bia fracture model. This comparison aimed to reveal the impact of donor site selecon on bial bone healing in experimental fracture model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Animals and experimental design This study was approved by the Fırat University Local Ethics Commiee for Animal Experiments (Approval No: 2024/01-09, Date: 09.01.2024) and conducted in accordance with ethical standards. The rules regarding subject welfare speciﬁed in the Declaraon of Helsinki were strictly adhered to throughout all experimental stages of the study. A total of 25 female Sprague– Dawley rats (220–250 g) were used in the study. To ensure standardizaon, vaginal smears were taken to ensure that all rats were in the same estrus stage. The animals were housed at 22 ± 2 °C, under a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle, and with free access to standard pellet food and water. Four rats served as donors during the surgical procedures; the remaining 21 rats were randomly divided into three equal groups (n = 7): Fracture control group (n = 7): A bia fracture was created, but no graﬅ was applied. Mandibular allogeneic bone graﬅ group (n = 7): Non- vascularized mandibular bone allograﬅs were placed at the bia fracture line. Iliac allogeneic bone graﬅ group (n = 7): Non-vascularized iliac bone allograﬅs were placed at the bia fracture line. Donor ssue preparaon Mandibular and iliac bone segments were removed from donor rats under sterile condions (FIGS. 1 and 2). The resulng bone fragments were puriﬁed from muscle, periosteum, and soﬅ ssue, then washed in phosphate-buﬀered saline and stored at -20 °C (Arçelik, 2533D, Türkiye) . Before transplantaon, the graﬅs were thawed at room temperature in a sterile environment and were ready for use. All graﬅs were non-vascularized and prepared with similar sizes and shapes (approximately 5 mm thick and 5 mm long) and placed in the defect area created between the fragments. FIGURE 1. Mandibular bone graﬅs were prepared by cleaning the surrounding soﬅ ssues aﬅer euthanizing the donor rats FIGURE 2. Iliac bone graﬅs were prepared by cleaning the surrounding soﬅ ssues aﬅer euthanizing the donor rats 2 of 6

Revista Cienﬁca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXVI UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico Experimental fracture model All surgical procedures were performed under sterile condions and general anesthesia. A combinaon of intraperitoneal Ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) and Xylazine (10 mg/kg) was used for anesthesia. A standard fracture model was created in the mid-diaphyseal region of the right bia of each rat. In experiments where non-vascularized bone transplants (mandibular or iliac bone allograﬅ) were performed, a 5 mm long bone fragment was cut and removed with a rotary instrument. Osteotomy was performed using a low-speed micromotor (Dremel 3000, Germany) with a 0.8 mm cung p and cooled. The fracture line was stabilized intramedullary with a 0.8 mm K-wire. In the graﬅ groups, a mandibular or iliac bone allograﬅ, prepared to the appropriate size, was placed over the fracture line (FIG. 3). The soﬅ ssues surrounding the fracture line were closed primarily. Meloxicam 1 mg·kg -1 , s.c. (Bavet Meloxicam, Istanbul, Türkiye) was administered as an analgesic and Cefazolin sodium 40 mg·kg -1 i.m. (Iespor 250, I.E. Ulagay, Türkiye) as an anbioc to all rats postoperavely. At the end of the eight-week follow-up period, euthanasia was performed with intraperitoneal high-dose anesthec. FIGURE 3. Image aﬅer transplantaon of bone graﬅ taken from donor bones to the bia bone using Kirschner wire Histological procedures and evaluaon At the end of the eight-week follow-up period, euthanasia was performed by intraperitoneal administraon of a high-dose anesthec, in accordance with internaonal animal welfare guidelines. Deep anesthesia was induced using an overdose of ketamine combined and xylazine. Suﬃcient depth of anesthesia was conﬁrmed by the absence of corneal reﬂexes and pedal withdrawal. Death was veriﬁed by the complete cessaon of respiratory movements and cardiac acvity. Donor rats were euthanized using the uniform protocol prior to graﬅ harvesng. The biae obtained aﬅer euthanasia were ﬁxed in a 10 % neutral formalin soluon for three days (d). Following ﬁxaon, the specimens were carefully cleaned of surrounding soﬅ ssues such as muscle, tendon, and fascia. The cleaned specimens were decalciﬁed in a 10 % formic acid soluon for approximately one week. Decalciﬁed ssues were processed through ascending alcohol, xylene, and paraﬃn series using an automac ssue processing device (Leica TP1020, Germany). The samples were then embedded in paraﬃn in the longitudinal plane and blocked (Leica EG1150H-C, Germany). 3-µm-thick secons were obtained from the prepared blocks using a rotary microtome (Leica RM2125RTS, Germany). The secons were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) (Leica Autostainer XL) and evaluated under a light microscope (Olympus BX42, Japan). The histological assessment of bone healing was based on new bone formaon (NBF). For this purpose, the enre healing ssue area at the fracture site was digitally measured in each specimen. The newly formed bone ssue area was then determined, and the “new bone formaon rate” (%) was calculated for each animal by dividing this value by the total healing area. The resulng rates were subjected to comparave stascal analysis between the groups. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the control and experimental groups, varying degrees and types of callus formaon were observed at the fracture line. In all groups, callus ssue was found to parally or completely cover the fracture site. In the control group, callus formaon was irregular and profuse, with carlage formaon predominant in these areas, and foci of neovascularizaon and areas of ﬁbrous ssue were also present (FIG. 4). In some samples, areas of necroc bone that had not been fully resorbed were noted. FIGURE 4. General view of the healing area in the fracture zone (fz) in the Fracture Control (A) and treatment groups (B: Jaw Transplant and C: Iliac Transplant). 4X, HxE, X=10 magniﬁcaon In the jaw (mandible) allograﬅ transplantaion group specimens, the callus ssue was found to have a more organized architecture, and areas of NBF were more frequent and prominent within the healing callus. In these specimens, the osteoid matrix was more organized, and the trabecular paern was formed early. 3 of 6

Iliac and mandibular allogenic bone transplantaon / Karabulut et al. UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico In the iliac allograﬅ group, signiﬁcant lymphohisocyc and neutrophilic cell inﬁltraon was detected in the healing area in three animals. This intense inﬂammatory response negavely aﬀected callus organizaon, resulng in inadequate bone union (nonunion) in the aﬀected areas (FIG. 5) (TABLE I). FIGURE 5. New bone formaon (nbf), ﬁbrosis or ﬁbrous callus (f), carlage formaon (cf), neovascularizaon (nv) and inﬂammaon (inf) areas in the fracture control (A) and experimental groups (B: Jaw transplantaon, C: Iliac transplantaon). 10X, HxE, X=10 magniﬁcaon TABLE I New bone formaon raos (%) of the groups aﬅer the experimental period Groups NBF (%) Medyan/ Mean Min. Max. P* Control (n=7) 44 / 46 40 53 0.001 Jaw Allogenic Bone Transplant (n=7) a1 57 / 55,43 41 63 Iliac Bone Allogenic Bone Transplant (n = 7) a2,b 39 / 37,57 33 41 .*Kruskal- Wallis Test (P < 0.05). a : Stascally signiﬁcantly diﬀerent compared with the controls. b Stascally signiﬁcantly diﬀerent compared with the Jaw Bone Allogenic Transplant Group. a,b : Mann-Whitney U Test. a1 : 0.017, a2 : 0.001, b: 0.001 (P < 0.05). New bone formaon (NBF) In histomorphometric analysis, NBF rates showed stascally signiﬁcant diﬀerences between the groups (Kruskal–Wallis test, P = 0,001). The mean NBF rate was calculated as 46 % in the control group, 55.43 % in the mandibular allograﬅ group, and 37.57 % in the iliac allograﬅ group (TABLE I). In pairwise comparisons, the mandibular allograﬅ group had a signiﬁcantly higher NBF rate than the control group (P = 0.017). The iliac allograﬅ group showed a signiﬁcantly lower NBF rate than both the control group (P = 0.001) and the mandibular group (P = 0.001).When evaluated together with histopathological ﬁndings, the best bone healing was observed in the jaw allograﬅ group, while signiﬁcant inﬂammaon and limited new bone formaon were noted in the iliac graﬅs. The observaon of a higher rate of new bone formaon in the mandibular allograﬅ group, together with more pronounced inﬂammaon and insuﬃcient union in the iliac crest group, is consistent with the concept that the embryological origin of the donor bone may inﬂuence the balance between graﬅ resorpon and incorporaon. While the mandible is predominantly of intramembranous origin, the iliac crest is derived from endochondral bone. Experimental and clinical studies have reported that intramembranous bone graﬅs tend to preserve volumetric integrity more eﬀecvely and exhibit a more predictable remodeling paern, parcularly in craniofacial applicaons, whereas endochondral graﬅs are oﬅen associated with greater resorpon [4]. Within this context, the more balanced behavior of mandibular graﬅs—characterized by structural support combined with controlled remodeling during the early healing phase—may provide a biological explanaon for the enhanced new bone formaon observed at the bial fracture site. This study compared the eﬀects of non-vascularized bone allograﬅs derived from the mandible and iliac crest on bone healing in a rat bia fracture model. Aﬅer eight weeks of follow- up, the rate of NBF was signiﬁcantly higher in the mandibular allograﬅ group, while a pronounced inﬂammatory response and inadequate bone union were observed in the iliac allograﬅ group. The ﬁndings demonstrate that the donor site has a signiﬁcant impact on graﬅ biology. Mandibular bone is a ssue with strong osteoinducve capacity due to its high corcocancellous rao and relavely rich osteoprogenitor cell content. The literature has reported that mandibular bone oﬀers advantages in the regenerave process due to the high vascular potenal and growth factor content in its trabecular structure [5 , 6 ,7]. The high NBF rates in this study are consistent with these biological characteriscs. The low NBF values of iliac graﬅs can be explained by an inﬂammatory response due to inadequate ssue compability and vascularizaon. Lymphohisocyc and neutrophilic cell inﬁltraons observed at the graﬅ site reﬂect immune-mediated resorpon and ﬁbrosis processes [7]. Similarly, Allsopp et al. [8] reported that the host immune response delays bone formaon and increases osteoclasc acvity in non-vascularized iliac allograﬅs. Vascularizaon is a crical factor for the integraon of bone graﬅs. In non-vascularized graﬅs, the revascularizaon process is delayed, resulng in decreased osteocyte viability and the development of necrosis in the graﬅ core [9]. This is parcularly evident in graﬅs with high corcal density (e.g., iliac crest). Mandibular graﬅs are thought to vascularize more rapidly due to their thinner corcal structure and dense cancellous content [10]. Data obtained from this study show that mandibular non- vascularized graﬅs have beer healing. Ozcan et al. [11] implanted non-vascularized allograﬅs taken from rat bias into the bias of rats with implants of diﬀerent surfaces. The researchers reported that the non-vascularized bial allograﬅs integrated with the bone ssue and provided a three-dimensional bone ssue reconstrucon around the implant. In this study, non-vascularized allograﬅs taken from both the iliac crest and the mandible were successful in reconstrucng the bone ssue. 4 of 6

Revista Cienﬁca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXVI UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico In other experimental study Ozcan et al. [12], using jaw, bia, and femur allograﬅs from donor rats, found no stascally signiﬁcant diﬀerence between the biomechanical osseointegraon values of the bia and femur graﬅs. They used the nonvascularized graﬅs with implant integraon. The biomechanical osseointegraon values of the jaw allograﬅs were found to be higher than those of both the bia and femur transplant groups. Osseointegraon and bone healing were successful in all three non-vascularized transplant groups. In this study, bone healing was found to be stascally signiﬁcantly higher in the mandibular allograﬅ transplant group compared to the iliac crest group. Taken together, the present ﬁndings suggest that the donor site may inﬂuence graﬅ biology; however, this inﬂuence should be interpreted within the context of mulple interacng variables rather than as an isolated determinant. Factors such as embryological origin, microarchitectural characteriscs (corcal-to-cancellous bone rao) and the speciﬁc allograﬅ processing protocol are likely to collecvely shape graﬅ behavior during fracture healing [13]. Thus, the associaon of mandibular allograﬅs with increased iliac allograﬅs and new bone formaon with enhanced inﬂammatory response and incomplete union should not be construed as evidence of inherent or universal superiority of mandibular bone. Rather, these observaons should be regarded as experimental indicaons that donor- speciﬁc graﬅ properes, along with processing-related variables, may play an important role in modulang fracture repair outcomes. Addional controlled studies are required to clarify the relave impact of each factor. The capacity of an allograﬅ to promote fracture healing extends beyond merely providing an osteoconducve scaﬀold, it also depends on its potenal to facilitate early vascularizaon and host cell migraon. The comparavely higher inﬂammatory response observed in iliac-derived graﬅs represents an expected phenotype in situaons where the coupling between subsequent remodeling and early angiogenesis is disrupted. Moreover, studies using small animal models have reported that bone harvested from the iliac region can achieve fracture union by the eighth week under suitable condions; yet, in the absence of supporng histological or morphometric analyses, interpretaon of the underlying biological mechanisms is relavely limited [14]. These ﬁndings demonstrate that donor site selecon (mandible versus iliac crest) represents more than a simple diﬀerence in ssue source; rather, it constutes a biological measures capable of jointly inﬂuencing host inﬂammatory response and early fracture bridging through factors such as the graﬅ’s microarchitectural properes, embryological origin and processing-related parameters [13 , 15]. Collecvely, these data demonstrate the concept that donor site–speciﬁc graﬅ characteriscs may contribute to early fracture healing dynamics. CONCLUSION This experimental study indicates that the donor site is an important determinant of the osteoinducve and osteoconducve capacity of non-vascularized bone allograﬅs .Non-vascularized allograﬅs of mandibular origin were disnguished by a more uniform callus structure and higher new bone formaon in the bial fracture model. Nevertheless, the limited sample size and the evaluaon of only histological parameters are major limitaons of the study. Further studies are recommended to include diﬀerent graﬅ types, biomechanical tesng, and long-term follow-up. Funding There is no funding. Ethics approval and consent to parcipate The present study was performed in line with the principles of The Declaraon of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Fırat University Experimental Animal Ethics Commiee (Approval date: 09.01.2024, Protocol no: 2024/01-09; Elazig, Turkiye). Conﬂict of interest The authors declerate there is no conﬂict of interest. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES [1] Schmidt AH. Autologous bone graﬅ: Is it sll the gold standard? Injury. [Internet]. 2021; 52(2):S18-S22. doi: hps://doi.org/gnn7qp [2] Dastgir R, Coﬀey J, Quereshy H, Baur DA, Quereshy FA. Nonvascularized bone graﬅs: how successful are they in reconstrucon of segmental mandibular defects? Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. [Internet]. 2024; 137(5):e63-e72. doi: hps://doi.org/qqpb [3] Allsopp BJ, Hunter-Smith DJ, Rozen WM. 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