Political Questions

Tabla de Contenido

Jorge Jesús Villasmil Espinoza — Sun, 03 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

From the paradigm of liberal democracy and human rights to neo-authoritarian models as the basis for the new world order

Jorge Jesús Villasmil Espinoza — Sun, 03 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The editorial, which serves as an introduction to volume 43, number 83 of Cuestiones Políticas, analyzes the decline of the liberal world order established by the West since the end of the Cold War, arguing that we are facing a historic transition in which Western hegemony, based on democracy and human rights, is losing legitimacy and influence in the face of the rise of neo-authoritarian models promoted by powers such as China and Russia. The text emphasizes that, while the promises of freedom and democratic pluralism are being emptied of content, new technologies are enabling the consolidation of systems of surveillance and social control that turn citizens into managed subjects, erasing the classic boundary between national security and respect for fundamental rights. In this scenario, authoritarian superpowers are restructuring the international architecture under the logic of efficiency, order, and concentrated power, relegating both multilateral organizations and emancipatory movements. The essay concludes that this transformation represents a philosophical and civilizational challenge, raising the essential question about the future of human dignity and freedom in a world subject to the totalizing logic of digital control and raison d’état.

Public policies and legislation on sustainable development in Ecuador's poultry companies: 2008-2024

Sun, 03 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

As in other regions of the world, Ecuadorian production shows that promoting sustainable poultry farming requires a combination of effective public policies and consistent legal regulations, especially when environmental and social challenges intensify over time. Since 2008, the State has established regulatory tools for the sector, although the effective and coordinated implementation of these policies is far from immediate. Given this situation, the objective of the research is to analyze public policies and legislation on sustainable development in poultry companies in Ecuador during the period 2008-2024. Methodologically, this is bibliographic research close to hermeneutics that interprets the meaning of the texts in their original context. The exegetical exercise of the sources leads to the conclusion that, with a view to promoting the development of poultry companies in Ecuador under the paradigm of sustainability, it is essential to design multiscale, integrative, and innovation-oriented public policies. For example, it would be wise to propose tax incentives for those who adopt technologies for waste treatment and efficient water use, along with technical-practical training programs focused on rural sustainability.

Public policies for strategic planning in enterprises in the Ecuadorian agricultural sector

Mon, 18 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Strategic planning is essential for agricultural enterprises, as it helps to have clear goals, make better use of resources and adapt to changes. This process begins with an analysis of the environment, considering external aspects such as climate, markets and regulations, as well as internal factors such as available resources. A widely used tool in this context is the SWOT analysis, which allows identifying strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats, helping to create more effective strategies. The definition of the mission, vision and strategic objectives is also key because it gives a clear direction to the enterprise. However, all these tools used by enterprises are regulated by the public policies of each country. Thus, the objective of this article is to analyze public policies for strategic planning in enterprises in the Ecuadorian agricultural sector. Descriptive research is carried out using a qualitative approach, analyzing information from secondary sources and analyzing the database of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) report, which considers the following variables: government policies, government programs, intellectual property legislation and financial support. The results show that public policies focused on the development of entrepreneurship have been generated in Ecuador.

Criminal liability for digital manipulation for criminal purposes: A look at comparative digital law in Latin America

Thu, 21 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In today's world, characterized by the hegemony of technology in all areas of social life, discussing criminal liability for digital manipulation with criminal intent in Latin America involves addressing a complex theoretical and practical field that in many ways goes beyond the old lines of conventional crime and delves into the rapid development of cyberspace within the constant structure of the digital society of the 21st century. For these reasons, the objective of the research was to analyze the scope and doctrinal significance of criminal liability for digital manipulation with criminal intent from the perspective of comparative Latin American digital law. To achieve this objective, legal hermeneutics was used within the framework of comparative law methodology. The results obtained allow us to conclude that there is no single definitive answer to the question: to what extent is it possible to attribute criminal responsibility when the perpetrator of the crime hides behind algorithms and dispersed networks? Rather, doctrine is constructing, stumbling, and reinventing the bases of imputation and the legal right at stake, as real cases challenge legal frameworks that were believed to be secure.

The responsibility of corporate administrators: A study of doctrine and jurisprudence in Peru

Thu, 28 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The responsibility of corporate administrators refers to the set of duties and legal consequences they assume when managing and representing a commercial entity, whether they are individuals or legal entities. The purpose of the study is to review the General Companies Act (1997) to strengthen the system of corporate administrator liability, thereby paving the way for the major changes that are taking place today in the business sphere and contributing, in a secure manner, to new business ventures. The method is hermeneutic, exploratory in scope, with a thematic analysis design. The results indicated that Law No. 26887 has gaps in the imprecision of the definition of fiduciary duties, that is, the duty of diligence and loyalty, generating uncertainty about the specific actions expected of a manager and, even more so, when their conduct is considered negligent or disloyal. The conclusion is that Law No. 26887 requires revision in terms of expanding the fiduciary duties of administrators. This implies establishing a stricter standard of diligence, like that of an orderly merchant and a loyal representative, which includes foresight.

The role of public administration in the implementation of sustainable development policies: challenges and opportunities

Eduardo Joel Salazar Castillo , Carlos Armando Berrocal Gutarra — Tue, 07 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyzes the management of multilevel public governance in the implementation of policies for the execution of sustainable development projects. The methodology applied was based on documentary-hermeneutic analysis with critical appraisal. Several examples illustrate progress in sustainable projects with conservation and inclusiveness programs that promote citizen well-being, although obstacles such as fragmentation at different levels of government, bureaucracy, and financial limitations persist. The study describes sustainable public management (SPM) as an integrative meeting point for political, environmental, social, and economic dimensions, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The readings identified the need to strengthen legal structural frameworks and coordinate actions capable of promoting citizen participation. Technological innovation is emerging as a key tool for optimizing public services for citizens and linking urban projects to global situations. However, it is necessary to train public officials, invest in digital infrastructure, and establish partnerships with third parties. A comprehensive approach that harmonizes economic development, inclusiveness, equity, and nature protection is definitely required. To achieve this, local government and citizen participation must be empowered; these are key players in the sustainability-social well-being nexus.

Validity and reliability in social and political science research. Comparative analysis of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches

Tue, 04 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific rigor is a fundamental requirement in all research, especially in the field of social and political sciences. The objective of this study is to analyze the criteria of validity, reliability, and other indicators associated with scientific rigor in quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method research, highlighting its importance for the analysis of contemporary social and political phenomena. A documentary investigation was developed based on an analytical review of specialized theoretical and methodological sources. The results show that the requirement for scientific rigor is closely linked to validity and reliability, but also to consistency and neutrality, which are essential features of any scientific methodology. In the mixed approach, however, there is an integration that combines the rigor of the quantitative method with the interpretive depth of the qualitative method, providing more complete answers to complex problems and enabling a broader and deeper understanding of social and political phenomena. These conclusions confirm that the search for legitimacy and transparency in public research depends directly on the degree of rigor applied in the scientific process.

Socialism of the 21st century. The Ouroboros of the Venezuelan democratic political society

Juan Carlos Araujo-Cuauro — Wed, 05 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Over the last twenty years, the Venezuelan political system that emerged under the Bolivarian revolution and 21st-century socialism has raised growing doubts about the government’s real capacity, displacing democratic legitimacy and subordinating the role of citizens to a secondary level within the power structure. This essay aimed to expose how the model implemented constitutes an “uroboros democracy,” in which the political system, through narrow determinations of the majority, endorses fundamental decisions made by a minority, establishing a circular and self-referential dynamic where power ends up legitimizing itself. The conclusions argue that the image of the ouroboros—the snake that devours itself—serves as a metaphor for a democracy that, defined by the logic of the absurd, is progressively eroded by the regime’s own actions. The author’s central thesis argues that if the speed with which democratic institutions are undermined exceeds the capacity for institutional regeneration, the system will eventually extinguish all effective mechanisms of democratic defense, leaving Venezuela without the resources to reverse the degeneration of its institutional foundations.

Normas para los autores

Jorge Jesús Villasmil Espinoza — Wed, 05 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Notas sobre el arbitraje de artículos

Jorge Jesús Villasmil Espinoza — Wed, 05 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000