El papel de los movimientos de voluntariado en el desarrollo de la sociedad civil y las políticas estatales Farida Talibova 1 , Yulduz Khayrullina 2 , Milyausha Zainullina 3 , Larisa Nabieva 4 , Svetlana Mechtcheriakova 5 1 Center of Advanced Economic Research in the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia; Family and demography center of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia. E-mail: Far.galimova@yandex.ru; ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0440-0187 2 Center of Advanced Economic Research in the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia; Family and demography center of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia. E-mail: iouldouz@yandex.ru; ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4018-4628 3 Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia. E-mail: milyausha-zainul@list.ru; ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1086-0031 4 Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia. E-mail: Larisa-nabieva@yandex.ru; ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7441-6058 5 Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia. E-mail: s-lanam@mail.ru; ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9344-9637 Resumen. El propósito de este estudio fue examinar la contribución de los movi- mientos de voluntariado al desarrollo de la sociedad civil y su influencia en la evolución de las políticas públicas en la República de Tartaristán. Se presta atención a la creciente institucionalización del voluntariado como forma de compromiso cívico y a su capaci- dad para moldear valores sociales, infraestructura comunitaria y respuestas estatales. La investigación emplea una metodología cualitativa basada en diez entrevistas a expertos, incluidos líderes de organizaciones de voluntariado, coordinadores y funcionarios pú- blicos directamente involucrados en el panorama regional. Los resultados indican que los movimientos de voluntariado en Tartaristán se han convertido en una fuerza social significativa que promueve la participación juvenil, fortalece la solidaridad comunita- ria y facilita l a resolución de problemas locales. Los expertos señalaron que, aunque el apoyo estatal mediante legislación, financiación y reconocimiento ha favorecido la expansión de la actividad voluntaria, la iniciativa y la energía de las organizaciones de base siguen siendo los impulsores centrales del sector. El estudio también identifica Recibido: 01/12/2025 ~ Aceptado: 12/02/2026 INTERACCIÓN Y PERSPECTIVA Revista de Trabajo Social ISSN 2244-808X ~ Dep. Legal pp 201002Z43506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19244319 Vol. 16 (2): 537 - 546 pp, 2026

538 Talibova, Khayrullina, Zainullina, Nabieva, Mechtcheriakova Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 16(2): 2026 e role of volunteer movements in development civil society and state policy Abstract. Purpose of this study was to examine contribution of volunteer move- ments to the development of civil society and influence the evolution of public policy in the Republic of Tatarstan. Special attention is given to the growing institutionalization of volunteerism as a form of civic engagement and its capacity to shape social values, community infrastructure, state responses. e research employs a qualitative method- ology based on ten expert interviews with leaders of volunteer organizations, coordina- tors, and public officials directly involved in the region’s volunteer landscape. e results indicate that volunteer movements in Tatarstan have become a significant social force that promotes youth involvement, strengthens community solidarity, and facilitates lo- cal problem-solving. Experts emphasized that although state support through legisla- tion, funding, and recognition has contributed to the expansion of volunteer activ- ity, the initiative and energy generated by grassroots organizations remain the primary drivers of the sector. e study also identifies the dual motivations of volunteers, who balance altruistic intentions with the pursuit of social capital and career pathways. Chal- lenges noted by experts include the predominance of event-based volunteering, gaps in regional coordination, and disparities in organizational capacity. e study concludes that volunteer movements function not only as recipients of state policy but also as active contributors to its formation, advancing civic values, promoting inclusivity, and creating platforms for cooperation between citizens and public institutions. e long- term sustainability and social impact of volunteering in Tatarstan depend on reinforcing these dynamics through continuous dialogue, institutional support, and deeper integra- tion of volunteer organizations into civil society structures. Keywords: civil society, volunteer movement, volunteer organization, state, youth. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the volunteer movement has gained considerable momentum globally, and this trend has notably extended to our own nation. Volunteering, as well as its advancing trajec- tory, has become a cornerstone in fostering civil society, serving as a pivotal means for individuals to manifest their civic engagement (Bodrenkova, 2013). la doble motivación de los voluntarios, quienes combinan intenciones altruistas con la búsqueda de capital social y oportunidades de desarrollo. Entre los desafíos observados se encuentran el predominio del voluntariado basado en eventos, la coordinación re- gional insuficiente y las desigualdades en la capacidad organizativa. El estudio concluye que los movimientos de voluntariado funcionan no solo como receptores de las políti- cas estatales, sino también como actores que contribuyen activamente a su formación, impulsando valores cívicos, promoviendo la inclusión y creando espacios de coopera- ción entre ciudadanía e instituciones públicas. Palabras clave: sociedad civil, movimiento de voluntariado, organización de voluntariado, Estado, juventud.

El papel de los movimientos de voluntariado en el desarrollo de la sociedad civil y las políticas estatales 539 Vol. 16(2) mayo - agosto 2026/ 537 - 546 In the context of Russia, the surge in volunteer activities commenced around 2007-2008. e zenith of this movement coincided with the organization and execution of major athletic and cultural events within the country. Notable examples include the XXVII World Summer Universiade in Kazan, the XXII Olympic and XI Paralympic Winter Games in Sochi, the World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, the 2017 Confederations Cup, the FIFA World Cup, among others. e Federal Law No. 135-FZ (1995), “On Charitable Activities and Volunteering (Volun- teering),” defines voluntary (volunteer) activities as “voluntary endeavors in the form of gratu- itous execution of work and/or provision of services for socially beneficial purposes”. e early 1990s in Russia witnessed the emergence of the first non-profit organizations fo- cused on charitable endeavors. ese organizations laid the groundwork for the establishment of volunteer groups that are presently active and operate in both formal and spontaneous contexts. is work aims to elucidate the terminology associated with our study’s subject. Engaging in charitable work are individuals and legal entities involved in charitable acts, including the establishment of new charitable institutions or supporting existing ones. e recipients of this assistance are philanthropists, volunteers, and beneficiaries. In the realm of volunteer activities, the participants comprise the volunteers themselves, coordinators of volunteer activities, and volunteer organizations. By ‘volunteers,’ we refer to individuals who engage directly in volunteer activities (Temkin, 2019). e Republic of Tatarstan, a rapidly advancing region of Russia, has prioritized the develop- ment of the volunteer movement for over a decade. e region’s volunteer movement infrastruc- ture is extensive, encompassing volunteer centers, regional branches of national movements, and search and rescue teams. Each municipal unit in the Republic of Tatarstan houses a volunteer headquarters, and the total count of volunteer associations reaches 1,247. Current statistics indi- cate that over 132,000 residents regularly engage in volunteer activities (Ammar Hussein became the Volunteer of the Year…, 2022). e legal framework and acts underpinning the volunteer and volunteer movements in the Republic of Tatarstan include: • e Law of the Republic of Tatarstan No. 35-ZRT (2021) “On Amendments to the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan ‘On Youth and State Youth Policy in the Republic of Tatarstan”; • e Law of the Republic of Tatarstan No. 48-ZRT (2018) “On the regulation of certain issues in the field of volunteerism (volunteering) and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Republic of Tatarstan”; • e Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan No. 830 (2012) “On supporting the volunteer movement of the Republic of Tatarstan,” which establishes the key principles of volunteer activities in the Republic of Tatarstan; • e Concept for the development of the youth volunteer movement in the Republic of Tatarstan until 2020 (currently, a draft Concept for the development of the youth volunteer movement in the Republic of Tatarstan until 2026 is in the works) (Resolution No. 124, 2014).

540 Talibova, Khayrullina, Zainullina, Nabieva, Mechtcheriakova Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 16(2): 2026 Moreover, the structure of the Republic of Tatarstan’s volunteer movement encompasses the following primary organizations and associations: • Interregional volunteer movement “Volunteer” (21 centers); • ANO Information and Resource Center for Volunteering of the Republic of Tatarstan; • Tatarstan regional branch of the All-Russian movement “Volunteers of Victory”; • Tatarstan regional branch of the All-Russian public movement “Medical Volunteers”; • ANO “Assembly of Tourist Volunteers of the Republic of Tatarstan”; • ANO “Center for Social and Creative Assistance ‘I AM A VOLUNTEER’”; • Search and rescue team “Regional Public Rescue Team”; • Volunteer search and rescue team “Lisa Alert”; • ANO “Good Kazan” (Talibova, 2023). METHODS e principal methodology of our investigation entailed conducting semi-formalized in- terviews. ese were gleaned from dialogues with experts in the field of volunteering from the Republic of Tatarstan. e interviewees comprised 10 representatives from various republican organizations and movements, each holding specific roles within the region’s volunteer move- ment structure, such as deputy directors, managers, and recruiters. e study aimed to explore various facets, including the experiences and subjective char- acteristics of volunteers, evaluations of the volunteer movement within the republic, analyses of volunteer organizations’ (centers, associations) activities, assessments of the volunteer move- ment’s and organizations’ interactions with the government, insights into the relationship be- tween the volunteer movement and civil society, and perspectives on the current domains of volunteering as well as its future development prospects. RESULTS By studying the volunteering experience and the subjective characteristics of the partici- pants we have found that a majority of our respondents had not previously engaged in volunteer activities but were involved in social work, which eventually led them to the volunteer move- ment. Others, however, have been part of the volunteer scene since its active emergence in our country around 2008. Intriguingly, one expert began volunteering at the age of 15: “I have been volunteering since I was fifteen. My mother is a doctor, she worked with difficult teenagers, helped difficult children, difficult families, and for me it was always normal, normal to help, and therefore, when I entered a music college, there were no options, my classmates and I went to various houses and institutions where we sang, performed and made them happy” (In- formant 4).

El papel de los movimientos de voluntariado en el desarrollo de la sociedad civil y las políticas estatales 541 Vol. 16(2) mayo - agosto 2026/ 537 - 546 Regarding assessments of the volunteer movement in the republic, all experts unanimously rate it highly. e Republic of Tatarstan is singled out as a leader in volunteer movement devel- opment nationwide. Significant international events, such as the 2013 Universiade and the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, are cited as key contributors to the growth and popularization of the volunteer movement in Russia. Nonetheless, some experts pointed out existing challenges in the development of volun- teerism in the republic: “I can say that there are volunteer areas where the departments supervising the departments help a lot and everything is cool there, there are places where it is more difficult, harder, where they have not yet accepted the reality that volunteering is important, it is valuable and that volunteering should be supported, therefore development is underway, but this is not enough today, but my colleagues are working in general, they are great!” (Informant 7). In terms of the movement’s quantitative aspects, almost all experts agree on its positive trajectory, particularly noting the increase in volunteer numbers and the effective engagement of youth in volunteer activities. Additional perspectives further enrich this overview: “e indicators are growing every month and this is encouraging, but again, for me there is a story when a person registers here, and there, and there, and we count him everywhere and he is distributed. I think this is a very sad story. It is also important to understand that there is one-time volunteering, this is not bad, a person should try once and understand whether it is for him or not, but there is stable volunteering and, in fact, it would be correct to count not those who registered once and went to the event, namely those who consistently and constantly help” (Informant 2). Discussing recent changes in the republic’s volunteer movement, informants mention sig- nificant forums, events, volunteer camps, and honorary awards from the head of the republic, marking these as pivotal in acknowledging the relevance and importance of the volunteer move- ment today. In examining volunteer organizations (centers and associations) and their interactions with citizens, this segment evaluates the openness of volunteer organizations to the public, the neces- sity of experience, language proficiency, and good relations with volunteer organization represen- tatives and leaders for leadership roles. Experts generally observe that volunteer organizations are accessible to all, with the primary restriction being a minimum age of 14 years. “I believe that anyone can become a volunteer and engage in volunteer activities. ere are no barriers”. (Informant 9). However, the specific skills and competencies required for different volunteering areas also play a crucial role in recruitment for various positions. According to informants, it is vital that “a person is in his place.” “Volunteer organizations are open, the question is the desire and competence of those who come. Experience is also important and certain skills are still needed. If he has different skills, then I will send him in a different direction” (Informant 1).

542 Talibova, Khayrullina, Zainullina, Nabieva, Mechtcheriakova Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 16(2): 2026 Furthermore, experts concur that there is significant collaboration among volunteer organi- zations at both the republican and national levels. ese organizations actively engage with each other, share experiences, convene meetings, and jointly organize events and projects. We now turn our attention to the interplay between the volunteer movement, volunteer organizations, and the state: the nature of these relationships, the development level of such in- teractions, and the necessity of state participation in the fostering and support of volunteerism in our country. Informants highlight the substantial appreciation and acknowledgment of vol- unteerism by the state, both at regional and federal levels. e 2018 Federal Law, which clearly defined the rights and duties of volunteer organizations and volunteers, and clarified the termi- nology, provided a significant boost and support. is legislation served as a benchmark and a guideline for the entire volunteer community in our country, underscoring the importance of this sector and its development at the state level. Experts point out the evolving relationships with government entities and departments, as well as the support extended to volunteer organizations, which in turn are creating more oppor- tunities. For instance, the practice of recognizing volunteer experience for employment and the volunteer book as a formalization and structuring element of volunteer activities are noteworthy developments. Informants advocate for more effective state support of volunteer organizations and centers, promoting and acknowledging these activities, including through prestigious events and addi- tional incentives. “It seems to me that we are all right with incentives, because the most important thing is not to help someone and then expect that they will give you something, no, you just help and help, if you really sincerely do it, then you they will notice and help you in every possible way, and there are a lot of such examples.” (Informant 8). Opinions vary among experts regarding the dependence of volunteer organizations on the state: “I won’t say that the dependence is strong, but it is there: someone wins federal grants, someone does joint projects, this is all state history, so in any case there is some dependence” (Informant 6). Concerning the connection between the volunteer movement and civil society, experts gen- erally view volunteers as individuals with a proactive civic stance, eager to express and demon- strate this through voluntary activities that benefit others. Interestingly, some informants acknowledge the potential of volunteering as a social ladder or a means to accumulate social capital (Bourdieu, 2022), which could later convert into eco- nomic and political capital. is represents a primary contradiction in volunteers’ motivational attitudes. Nevertheless, experts assert that altruistic motives are also prevalent among volunteers and using one’s activities as a social ladder necessitates considerable experience and skills, typi- cally acquired during the volunteering process.

El papel de los movimientos de voluntariado en el desarrollo de la sociedad civil y las políticas estatales 543 Vol. 16(2) mayo - agosto 2026/ 537 - 546 “Yes, of course, these are rather initiative people, with an active civic position, such altruists and philanthropists, even if they pursue some career goals in the future, this is, in principle, accepta- ble, because they already leave here with experience and skills, they deserve it for the most part.” (Informant 3) Finally, we present informant perspectives on the future directions and prospects of volun- teering. e discussion includes the most popular volunteer activities and future developmental plans. Experts note that plans and events are scheduled years in advance, with numerous projects and events in the pipeline to enhance volunteer work quality and assist the population. Addition- ally, there is an anticipation of increased state attention, support for volunteer initiatives, and growth in quantitative metrics. e most popular and in-demand volunteer areas are expected to remain event volunteering, particularly in significant sporting and cultural events. “I can tell you that the plans for our center are simply enormous, everything is planned for the year ahead. We are planning many events, launching several projects, including joint ones, as well as grants for all areas of volunteering in the republic. New volunteer organizations will be opened next year, we will attract even more volunteers and much more.” (Informant 5). DISCUSSION e findings from our study elucidate the underlying motivations for volunteering. In gen- eral, experts acknowledge the presence of career-related motives among volunteers. However, this acknowledgement does not diminish the altruistic moral motives of volunteers, nor their desire to express an active civic stance through volunteer work. Importantly, volunteering is character- ized as an inclusive system, welcoming any citizen. John Wilson and Marc Musick (1997) developed an integrated theory of formal and infor- mal volunteering, examining the interplay between these two forms of volunteering and various forms of capital. A broad body of international research has examined volunteerism as an ele- ment of civil society and a form of civic participation. Foundational studies by Smith (1999) and Anheier and Salomon (1999) demonstrated that volunteer engagement is shaped by institutional conditions, cultural norms, and community structures. Subsequent work has focused on specific domains of participation. Research on youth and student volunteering, including Lukman and Normah (2020) and Normah et al. (2022), highlights the role of motivation, organizational ar- rangements, and educational settings in influencing involvement. Recent theoretical contributions further expand this field. Koolen-Maas et al. (2023) con- ceptualize volunteering as a renewable social resource, while Rotolo and Wilson (2012) identify demographic and institutional predictors of regional variation in volunteer activity. Studies on volunteer motivation, such as Haski-Leventhal (2009) and Naumovski and Naumovska (2022), emphasize the interplay between altruistic motives, identity formation, and the mediating effects of public communication. Sector-specific examinations also contribute to a more differentiated understanding of the phenomenon. Lough (2015) addresses international volunteering as a civic and educational practice, Lockstone-Binney et al. (2010) analyze leisure-based forms, and Paull et al. (2022),

544 Talibova, Khayrullina, Zainullina, Nabieva, Mechtcheriakova Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 16(2): 2026 Sapir (2022), and Williamson et al. (2018) document misconceptions, historical developments, and educational benefits associated with volunteer participation. Together, these studies frame volunteerism as a multidimensional social practice and provide an analytical foundation for in- terpreting the findings of the present research. In parallel with discerning the motivations for volunteering, its role within the social system is pivotal. Based on the author’s research, experts highly rate the status of the volunteer move- ment in the Republic of Tatarstan, emphasizing tangible quantitative metrics of activity in this area. e active and constructive support from local government bodies is highlighted, including the acknowledgement of volunteerism as a crucial focus by the region’s head. Informants also touch upon the dynamics between the state and volunteer organizations, indicating the state as a principal collaborator in this domain. Furthermore, they note robust connections among volun- teer organizations, with significant interactions at both regional and federal levels. In the context of contemporary Russian research on volunteering, scholars such as Kudrin- skaya (2006), Bodrenkova (2013), Pevnaya (2013), and Loginova (2012). Loginova have made noteworthy contributions. Bodrenkova (2013) for instance, emphasizes the foundational values and principles of volunteering, its interaction with state policies, and the trajectories for the de- velopment of youth volunteering within the framework of youth policy and youth socialization through volunteerism. e findings of the author’s research align with the tenets presented in these scholarly works. e outcomes of our investigation underscore the significance of delving into the intrica- cies of the volunteer movement in our nation. Paramount to this exploration is not merely the quantitative aspects, which are poised to escalate annually and often dominate discussions about the growth of Russia’s volunteer movement, but also the intrinsic motivational attitudes of the volunteers actively engaged in this sector (Talibova et al., 2023). CONCLUSION It is crucial that all developmental models for volunteering acknowledge its role as a pro- gressive catalyst for civil society evolution. is understanding necessitates that all mechanisms in this domain, ranging from volunteer recruitment to the provision of various incentives, be as transparent and accessible as possible for the entire populace. is study indicates the importance of volunteer projects for building civic identity and sense of collective responsibility, as well as for meeting short-term social needs. Participation in volunteer projects is one path to citizenship, where the skills of cooperation, connections to the community, and problem solving are developed. ese processes support the growth of civil society by fostering aware and politically-engaged citizens. Voluntary organizations are increasingly becoming linked to public sector organizations as volunteers participate in welfare activities, public policy implementation and community devel- opment, often acting as a linkage between the state and its citizens, and contributing to social cohesion and resiliency.

El papel de los movimientos de voluntariado en el desarrollo de la sociedad civil y las políticas estatales 545 Vol. 16(2) mayo - agosto 2026/ 537 - 546 e full inclusivity and recognition of motivation within volunteering and the role of edu- cation, recognition, and community-based support programs, are essential to the sustainable development of volunteer movements and the social value and impact of volunteering. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES • Ammar Hussein became the Volunteer of the Year of the Republic of Tatarstan. (2022). Min- istry of Youth Affairs of the Republic of Tatarstan. Retrieved from: https://minmol.tatarstan. ru/index.htm/news/2146751.htm • Anheier, H. K., & Salomon, L. M. (1999). “Volunteering in cross-national perspec- tive: Initial comparisons”. Law and Contemporary Problems, 62(4), 43–65. https://doi. org/10.2307/1192266 • Bodrenkova, G. P. (2013). Systemic development of volunteerism in Russia: From theory to practice. Moscow: ANO “SPO SOTIS”. • Bourdieu, P. (2022). “Forms of capital”. Journal of Economic Sociology, 3(5), 60–74. • Federal Law No. 135-FZ. (August 11, 1995). “On charitable activities and charitable orga- nizations” (as amended on November 21, 2022). Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation 14.08.1995, No. 33, Item 3340. • Haski-Leventhal, D. (2009). “Altruism and volunteerism: e perceptions of altruism in four disciplines”. Journal for the eory of Social Behaviour, 39(3), 271–299. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2009.00405.x • Koolen-Maas, S. A., Meijs, L. C. P. M., van Overbeeke, P. S. M., & Brudney, J. L. (2023). “Rethinking volunteering as a natural resource: A conceptual typology”. Nonprofit and Volun- tary Sector Quarterly, 52(1_suppl), 353–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640221127947 • Kudrinskaya, L. A. (2006). Volunteer work: Experience of theoretical reconstruction (Doctoral dissertation abstract). Moscow: Lomonosov Moscow State University. • Law of the Republic of Tatarstan No. 35-ZRT. (May 5, 2021). “On amendments to the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan ‘On youth and state youth policy in the Republic of Tatarstan.’” available online: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/1600202105120009 • Law of the Republic of Tatarstan No. 48-ZRT. (June 30, 2018). “On the regulation of certain issues in the field of volunteering (volunteering) and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Republic of Tatarstan.” • Lockstone-Binney, L., Holmes, K., Smith, K., & Baum, T. (2010). “Volunteers and volun- teering in leisure”. Leisure Studies, 29(4), 435–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.201 0.527357 • Loginova, N. V. (2012). “Voluntary work as a social phenomenon.” Political Linguistics, 3(41), 149–156. • Lough, B. J. (2015). “e evolution of international volunteering”. ird Sector Review, 21(1), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21006.92484 • Lukman, Z. M., & Normah, A. N. (2020). “Volunteerism declined among university stu- dents: Why do they not volunteer?” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4(10), 276–280.

546 Talibova, Khayrullina, Zainullina, Nabieva, Mechtcheriakova Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 16(2): 2026 • Naumovski, L. B., & Naumovska, S. L. M. (2022). “Volunteerism in civil society: e world experience and the media”. ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement, 6(1), 98–125. https:// doi.org/10.7454/ajce.v6i1.1148 • Normah, A. N., Lukman, Z. M., & Fazil, M. A. (2022). “Implications of constraints to- wards students’ involvement in volunteer activities”. International Journal of Academic Re- search in Business and Social Sciences, 12(6), 1036–1046. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/ v12-i6/13872 • Paull, M., Holmes, K., Omari, M., Haski-Leventhal, D., MacCallum, J., Young, S., & Scott, R. (2022). “Myths and misconceptions about university student volunteering”. Voluntas, 33(4), 833–845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-021-00437-4 • Pevnaya, M. V. (2013). “e research of volunteering: Disciplinary and methodological ap- proaches”. Izvestia Ural Federal University Journal. Series 1: Issues in Education, Science and Culture, 2(113), 174–180. • Resolution No. 124. (February 27, 2014). “On approval of the Concept for the development and support of the youth volunteer movement in the Republic of Tatarstan for the period until 2020”. Collection of Resolutions and Orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Repub- lic of Tatarstan and normative acts of the republican executive authorities 21.03.2014, No. 22, Item 0605. • Resolution No. 830. (October 5, 2012). “On supporting the volunteer movement of the Re- public of Tatarstan”. Collection of Resolutions and Orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan and normative acts of the republican executive authorities 16.10.2012, No. 77, Item 2570. • Rotolo, T., & Wilson, J. (2012). “State-level differences in volunteerism in the Unit- ed States”. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 41(3), 452–473. https://doi. org/10.1177/0899764011412383 • Sapir, A. (2022). “Student volunteering in historical perspective”. Oxford Review of Educa- tion, 48(6), 710–726. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2021.2011714 • Smith, D. J. (1999). Volunteering and social development: A background paper for discus- sion at an expert group meeting, New York, November 29–30. London: Institute of Volun- teering Research. • Talibova, F. T. (2023). “Specifics of the volunteer movement in the Republic of Tatarstan”. Re- trieved from: https://lomonosov-msu.ru/archive/Lomonosov_2023/ data/28592/154401_ uid241360_report.pdf. • Talibova, F., Garipova, R., & Khairullina, Y. (2023). “e state of Russian volunteering in modern realities”. e Kazan Socially-Humanitarian Bulletin, 2(59), 48–52. https://doi. org/10.26907/2079-5912.2023.2.48-52 • Temkin, V. L. (2019). “Development of volunteer movement in modern Russia”. Bulletin of the Volga Region Institute of Administration, 19(3), 78–83. https://doi.org/10.22394/1682- 2358-2019-3-78-83 • Williamson, I., Wildbur, D., Bell, K., Tanner, J., & Matthews, H. (2018). “Benefits to uni- versity students through volunteering in a health context”. British Journal of Educational Studies, 66(3), 383–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2017.1339865 • Wilson, J., & Musick, M. (1997). “Who cares? Toward an integrated theory of volunteer work”. American Sociological Review, 62(5), 694–711. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657355