Perspectivas de los jóvenes sobre la responsabilidad social del Estado al abordar la crisis demográﬁca* Egor Marin 1 , Nazdezhda Osmachko 2 1 e Maritime State University named after Admiral G. I. Nevelskoy, Vladivostok, Russia; Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia. E-mail: egmarin@mymail.academy; ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2444-4094. 2 Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia. E-mail: nazdezhda.osmachko@mymail.academy; ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1604-8768. Resumen. Este artículo examina cómo los jóvenes perciben la responsabilidad social del Estado en el contexto de la actual crisis demográﬁca rusa. A partir de entrevistas cua- litativas con estudiantes universitarios de Vladivostok, el estudio destaca las expectativas sociales, los valores y las experiencias cotidianas que moldean las actitudes de los jóvenes hacia la planiﬁcación familiar, la paternidad y el apoyo estatal. Muchos encuestados consi- deran que las políticas demográﬁcas actuales son insuﬁcientes o están mal alineadas con sus realidades, y señalan, en cambio, la importancia de una mayor presencia del Estado en áreas como el empleo juvenil, la salud mental, la educación y la inclusión social. La investigación identiﬁca una demanda generalizada para que el Estado vaya más allá de la asistencia ﬁnan- ciera y promueva un apoyo estructural más profundo. Los encuestados también destacaron la importancia de las estrategias culturales y educativas, como la educación parental y la promoción de valores sociales que fomenten el respeto, la empatía y la solidaridad inter- generacional. Estos elementos se consideran esenciales para formar actitudes reproductivas positivas y fortalecer la conﬁanza cívica. Al analizar la intersección de las políticas públicas, las expectativas cívicas y el comportamiento reproductivo, el estudio revela cómo los jóvenes imaginan un Estado socialmente responsable: uno que escucha a la ciudadanía, protege a los grupos vulnerables y cocrea las condiciones necesarias para una vida plena y la formación de una familia estable. Los resultados ofrecen valiosas perspectivas para diseñar enfoques más holísticos en el trabajo social y la planiﬁcación demográﬁca. Palabras clave: responsabilidad social, crisis demográﬁca, políticas públicas, apoyo familiar, conﬁanza cívica. Recibido: 03/12/2025 ~ Aceptado: 25/02/2026 INTERACCIÓN Y PERSPECTIVA Revista de Trabajo Social ISSN 2244-808X ~ Dep. Legal pp 201002Z43506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19254919 Vol. 16 (2): 696 - 706 pp, 2026 * e study was funded by a Russian Science Foundation grant No. 24-28-00740.

Perspectivas de los jóvenes sobre la responsabilidad social del Estado al abordar la crisis demográﬁca 697 Vol. 16(2) mayo - agosto 2026/ 696 - 706 Youth perspectives on state social responsibility in addressing demographic crisis Abstract. is article examines how young people perceive the social responsibi- lity of the state in the context of Russia’s ongoing demographic crisis. Drawing from qualitative interviews with university students in Vladivostok, the study highlights the social expectations, values, and everyday experiences that shape youth attitudes toward family planning, parenthood, and state support. While economic incentives such as maternity capital and housing programs are acknowledged, participants con- sistently emphasize the need for broader social foundations, including job security, ac- cessible housing, public trust, and a sense of future stability. Many respondents view current demographic policies as insuﬃcient or poorly aligned with their lived realities, pointing instead to the importance of a stronger state presence in areas such as youth employment, mental health, education, and social inclusion. e research identiﬁes a widespread demand for the state to move beyond ﬁnancial assistance toward deeper structural support that promotes dignity, equality, and long-term wellbeing for young families. Respondents also stressed the importance of cultural and educational strate- gies, including parenting education and the promotion of social values that encoura- ge respect, empathy, and intergenerational solidarity. ese elements are regarded as essential for shaping positive reproductive attitudes and strengthening civic trust. By analyzing the intersection of public policy, civic expectations, and reproductive be- havior, the study reveals how young people imagine a socially responsible state—one that listens to citizens, protects vulnerable groups, and co-creates conditions necessary for a meaningful life and stable family formation. e results oﬀer valuable insights for designing more holistic approaches in social work and demographic planning. Key words: social responsibility, demographic crisis, public policy, family support, civic trust. INTRODUCTION e demographic situation in each country continues to be a focus of both public institu- tions and the scientiﬁc community, as its stability directly aﬀects the social stability, economic development, and strategic security of the country (Jamanbalayeva et al., 2024). Over the past two decades, Russia has been implementing a comprehensive demographic policy, including eco- nomic and social measures to support the birth rate, such as maternity capital, preferential mort- gages, and subsidy and beneﬁt programs. Yet, despite the scale of the implemented programs, the expected breakthrough eﬀect has not been achieved: fertility rates remain unstable, although in some periods, certain measures aimed at stimulating birth rates have been found successful. Recent studies suggest that ﬁnancial incentives alone are not enough for an eﬀective demo- graphic policy – it is crucial to consider the social functions of the state (Muratalieva et al., 2024) and the level of its social responsibility (Letova, 2022) as perceived by society, especially young people as potential parents (Marin et al., 2025). Amidst the growing economic and geopolitical instability, a sense of social security and conﬁdence in the future becomes a key factor aﬀecting the reproductive attitudes of young people (Eﬂova et al., 2025; Marin, 2025). It has been pro-

698 Marin, Osmachko Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 16(2): 2026 posed that the reason for such behavior could be the high level of responsibility of the younger generation and their desire to ﬁrst provide decent conditions for the family, such as educa- tion, stable work, and housing, before deciding on having children (Levashov and Novozhenina, 2022; Arutiunian, 2013). Other studies also emphasize the importance of the symbolic and value aspects of social policy: trust in the state, ideas about its role in the life of citizens, and the focus on traditional family values are as important as payments and beneﬁts (Rastorguev, 2022; Petukhov, 2020). Young people associate an eﬀective demographic policy with social justice, predictability, and value coherence between society and the state (Letova, 2024). In this context, it becomes especially relevant to study the views of Russian youth on the social responsibility of the state in the demographic sphere. is topic is especially important in regions with acute demographic challenges, such as the Far East, where population outﬂow and population ageing are still problems. An analysis of the values and economic and social expecta- tions of young people will give a deeper understanding of the barriers and conditions aﬀecting the decisions to create a family and have children. us, the purpose of this study was to establish the opinions of young people on the social responsibility of the state and on its functions in overcoming the demographic crisis. e focus lay on the perception of the eﬀectiveness of state social policy, the combination of economic, moral, and value reasons to support the birth rate, as well as young people’s wishes regarding social work mechanisms and state participation in the development of demographic policy measures. METHODS e design of the study was determined by the need to investigate young people’s percep- tion of the social responsibility of the state and their assessment of the eﬀectiveness of the state’s demographic policy. Particular attention was paid to understanding the social functions of the state through the lens of social work and state support mechanisms aimed at overcoming the de- mographic crisis. e study focused on identifying the opinions and proposals of young people regarding priority areas of social policy, reﬂecting both the economic and value-normative ex- pectations of citizens. Research methods and instruments: the study utilized a set of methods and techniques: • theoretical analysis of relevant literature; • focused interviews; • content analysis and semantic analysis of qualitative data. e empirical basis for the study was young people represented by students and graduates of higher educational institutions in the city of Vladivostok. e sample consisted of 50 students of the Far Eastern Federal University of various proﬁles who were employed and aged between 18 and 26.

Perspectivas de los jóvenes sobre la responsabilidad social del Estado al abordar la crisis demográﬁca 699 Vol. 16(2) mayo - agosto 2026/ 696 - 706 e conducted empirical study revealed the attitudes of young people to the key strategies of the Russian state to protect national interests (such as solving the demographic problem, sup- porting traditional values, restricting abortion, mitigating the consequences of military-political conﬂicts, etc.). e processing of the obtained data included several stages: (1) preparing the data for analy- sis – recording and transcribing the interviews; (2) qualitative coding (including open coding) to highlight topics and categories; (3) content analysis with counting and making a classiﬁcation of key text units; (4) semantic analysis to interpret the meaning and context of the responses received; (5) synthesis of the results in the form of generalizing conclusions. is approach was implemented in the work under consideration. e standard methods of modern qualitative sociology (coding and visualization of infor- mation) used in this study are central techniques for analyzing qualitative data (Panova et al., 2025), and the reliability of conclusions is increased with the combination of heterogeneous methods and sources of information (Ukolova et al., 2024). As a result, the chosen data processing strategy – focus interviews, content analysis, and semantic analysis – produced well-grounded results that reﬂect the opinion of young people about the social responsibility of the state and the measures needed to overcome demographic problems. RESULTS e study paid close attention to the ideas of young people about ways to solve one of the most acute problems of Russian society – the demographic crisis. e question asked of young people during the interview was, “What measures would you propose to overcome the demo- graphic problems of Russia?” A total of nine young people (18%) found the question diﬃcult to answer, and some ex- plained why: “Honestly, I don’t know, but I’m sure Russia is doing everything possible to increase the birth rate in our country through programs like maternity capital and preferential mortgages.” (F., 20) “In general, it is a thing that people in developed countries are less likely to have children, and on the one hand, I’m not saying that we should become poor and then everything will get better by itself, but besides this, I have no idea, to be honest.” (M., 22) “I can’t suggest any measures, because I haven’t thought about it before, and I don’t want to really get into it.” (F., 19) Here, we should highlight that the responses reﬂect the diversity of respondents’ challenges. On the other hand, 41 (82%) interview participants did express their opinions on measures to overcome demographic problems in Russia. e content analysis of words and phrases used in their answers and their number of mentions (Table 1) allows us to place some accents.

700 Marin, Osmachko Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 16(2): 2026 TABLE 1. Alpha de Cronbach e KMO. Block Words and phrases Number of mentions 1 Increase (noun), boost, improvement, grow, rise, increase (verb), add, more 27 Stability, stable, stabilization, constant, sustainability, safety 10 Conﬁdence in the future, in tomorrow, giving future guarantees, conﬁdence in your country 7 Special military operation, mobilization, military operations, “sitting on a time bomb,” “the 2014 and 2022 crises” 7 Accessibility, accessible 3 2 Economy, economic situation, normal economy 5 Standard of living, quality of life, well-being, living conditions 14 Price regulation, reducing lending rates, strengthening the ruble 5 Jobs, salaries, stimulation of employment 9 Housing, apartment, living conditions 5 3 Payments, beneﬁts, allowances, subsidies, support measures, assistance, maternity capital, payment for kindergarten, school supplies 21 Programs: maternity capital, preferential mortgages, housing for families, the Far Eastern hectare 5 4 Campaigning, prevention, upbringing, advocacy, courses, education, education, training, media 13 Values, traditional values 3 5 Young families 6 Youth 5 Young specialists 1 Parents 3 Large families, many children 2 6 Kindergartens 5 Education, schools 5 Healthcare institutions, cultural and sports centres 3 Children’s homes 1 7 Attract, attracting migrants, obtaining citizenship 3 8 Other: medical examination, responsible relationships in the couple, punishment for embezzlement of state funds 3 Source: research results. In the ﬁrst block, the leading word is “increase,” which can be regarded as an indicator of dissatisfaction with the current situation and the insuﬃciency of current state measures. e words “stability,” “sustainability,” etc., used by interviewees in diﬀerent contexts, characterize the priorities of the future, as opposed to the volatile, rocky, unstable, and unsafe present: “Stabiliza-

Perspectivas de los jóvenes sobre la responsabilidad social del Estado al abordar la crisis demográﬁca 701 Vol. 16(2) mayo - agosto 2026/ 696 - 706 tion of the economic situation, because amidst impermanence, it is scary to take such a step as having a child” (F., 19). Stability in the country, according to the respondents, creates conﬁdence in the future and thus positively aﬀects fertility: “If there was stability and young people were conﬁdent in their future – a stable, well-paying job, living conditions – then families would have babies.” (F., 25) Four participants in the interview argue that military-political conﬂicts have caused a state of instability, inﬂuencing the feeling of security and conﬁdence in the future: “Stabilization of the situation within the country, reinforcement of the ruble’s position, ces- sation of the Special Military Operation and mobilization, why have a child when the husband is at war?” (F., 23) “We need another 10-20 years of stable economic development, without world wars, for example. en it will be possible to get out of the demographic pit. People need conﬁdence in the future. ere have been several events in recent years – the crises of 2014 and 2022, which undermine conﬁdence in the future rather than strengthen it. If there are no such crises in the future, it seems to me that things will smooth out in demographics.” (M., 24) e conducted open coding identiﬁed the main directions and key measures to address the demographic problems of Russia, deemed important by participants in the interview. According to more than half of the respondents (24 people, 58%), the state must create bet- ter conditions for people’s lives, using, ﬁrst and foremost, economic instruments (this includes the general characteristics of the economy, improving the quality of life, income growth (particu- larly wages), price regulation, etc.): “More and more things come down to the economy. If people become more ﬁnancially comfortable, stable, and happy, they will naturally raise demographics on their own, most likely even without any beneﬁts and capital.” (F., 19) “Improving the standard of living and well-being in the country until people have the desire to live here, stay here more often, and have more children.” (M., 19) “Economic growth and improving the quality of life of the population.” (F., 21) “More work on the surrounding conditions for people’s life and growth, fewer attempts to plaster the demographic pit over with rubles through maternity capital and pseudo-generous mortgages.” (M., 25) “Raise salaries, lower prices” (F., 20) e second place in the responses is occupied by social measures: support, employment, and housing: “Increase the maternity capital, and raise it with the birth of each child, because the more children there are, the harder it is to raise them.” (F., 19) “Beneﬁts and payments for young families and parents.” (F., 21) “Add beneﬁts for the population, like mortgage programs and so on, allowances, and job increases in diﬀerent spheres.” (M., 18)

702 Marin, Osmachko Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 16(2): 2026 “Focus on improving the quality of life, the aﬀordability of housing, and jobs in the re- gions.” (F., 22) “Focus on improving citizens’ quality of life, the aﬀordability of housing, and jobs in the regions.” (F., 22) “Provide additional beneﬁts when starting a family (marrying).” (M., 21). “Programs to provide young families with children with housing: giving private ownership of apartments.” (M., 23) Four interviewees proposed helping families until the child comes of age: “More support, subsidies, and payments from the state not only when the child is born but also while they are growing up.” (F., 20) “Helping a child’s family until they reach adulthood: paying for kindergarten and school supplies.” (M., 20) In third place come cultural, educational, and propaganda measures. e six (16%) inter- view participants who mentioned this category of measures used diﬀerent wordings: from ab- stract (“sex education,” “cultural propaganda,” “moral education,” “work on values,” “advocating for large families,” etc.) to speciﬁc (“parenting courses,” “master classes,” etc.). Some drew attention to how such measures should be carried out and to their goal: “psy- chological work with young people; this can be done through agitation, but not like it is now, more carefully and elegantly, showing what a person can gain with the birth of a child.” (F., 20); “Courses for parents to prepare at least mentally. So that it wouldn’t be seen as the norm to shout at a child.” (F., 20) e fourth place was taken by infrastructure conditions – the development of the network of kindergartens, schools, cultural institutions, sports facilities, and healthcare institutions: “Opening kindergartens, schools, medical institutions, and sports and cultural centers to improve the living conditions of families with children.” (F., 21) “It is necessary to provide comfortable conditions for having children, that is, to increase the number of kindergartens and schools, because now the waiting lists for the child to be en- rolled are enormous...” (F., 20). One of the participants in the interview also noted the need to “work with children’s homes” (F., 22). Oftentimes, the proposed infrastructure measures were economic: “Provide payments until the child comes of age, which will cover medical services, kindergartens, and everything you need for school. With such beneﬁts, families who don’t want to have kids due to ﬁnancial diﬃculties will be able to aﬀord it” (M., 22); “Assistance to the family until the child comes of age: payment for kindergartens, school supplies” (M., 20); “Discounts on kindergartens for large families...” (F., 20). ese transcripts address the issue of accessibility of educational institutions and services.

Perspectivas de los jóvenes sobre la responsabilidad social del Estado al abordar la crisis demográﬁca 703 Vol. 16(2) mayo - agosto 2026/ 696 - 706 e ﬁfth group of proposals addressed the attraction of migrants, albeit under speciﬁc con- ditions: “Attract migrants from countries that are close to our culture and values.” (M., 20) “Make it easier to become a Russian citizen with various professional achievements to at- tract even more people from countries with traditional values. Maybe it would make sense to consider something similar to the Far Eastern hectare program for interested residents of other countries.” (M., 21). DISCUSSION e open coding revealed which measures in overcoming the demographic problems of Russia were considered important by the participants in the interview. According to more than half of respondents (24 people, 58%), the state needs to create better living conditions, primarily by economic means. An important place among the measures signiﬁcant for young people to support the demo- graphic situation is held by social measures: support, employment, and housing provision. ese ﬁndings are conﬁrmed by several studies (Stepanova, 2024). For example, surveys of student youth in the Astrakhan region show that most young Russians see the creation of economic con- ditions as the main task of the state to increase birth rates (Dzgoev et al., 2024). e interviewed young people attach an important role to the revival of traditional family values. Among the high-ranking measures proposed by respondents are cultural, educational, and propaganda measures. ese conclusions are conﬁrmed by studies conducted in other regions of Russia (Yakovleva and Stepanova, 2024). In a study of Moscow youth, the research- ers concluded on the need to revive culture and traditional values, most importantly, family values. e student youth of the metropolis show adherence to the traditional model of a complete family started by marriage (Gonçalves and Werner, 2024). In addition, a signiﬁcant part of young Russians support the fundamental “traditional values” as they are enshrined in oﬃcial discourse. For example, in a survey of active youth (participants in the World Festival of 2024), most respondents shared the values prioritized in the state program for strengthen- ing traditions (Besschetnova, 2025). us, our ideas about the value-driven demand of young people to strengthen the institu- tion of the family and moral foundations are largely consistent with the results of other scientiﬁc works. As demonstrated by our study, Russian youth have their own opinions on the possible ways to solve the demographic problem. ese ideas are generally consistent with and complementary to the measures taken by the state in this area. It should be noted that the problem of reproduc- tive behavior of young people is actively discussed among researchers (Gruzdev and Startsev, 2024). To change the situation, declarative forms of support need to be implemented in tandem with tangible measures. For example, Besschetnova (2025), in a study of Moscow students, found that the demographic policy measures taken by the state (national projects, maternity cap- ital, etc.) have not led to a drastic transformation of the reproductive attitudes of young people.

704 Marin, Osmachko Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 16(2): 2026 Modern youth still focus mainly on the model of a family with two children and demonstrate a tendency to postpone the creation of a family and the birth of children until they are older. is pragmatism is associated with the high responsibility of young people for their own future and that of their children: under economic uncertainty (Shichkin et al., 2024) and high competition in education and labor (Turgaev and Turgaeva, 2024), young people prefer to “get on their feet” ﬁrst (get an education, a job, and housing) before having children. e young people of the Far East have shown that they are not indiﬀerent to the future of Russia; they act as a thoughtful and invested part of society, and it is important for them that the state makes eﬀorts to fulﬁll its social responsibility functions and social obligations to the young population, which will ultimately increase conﬁdence in the future among youth. e results of this study may be of interest to public authorities, the administration of edu- cational institutions, and the mass media. CONCLUSION e conducted research established the key ideas of the youth of the Russian Far East about the social responsibility of the state in the context of demographic policy. e data obtained show that the younger generation considers the state as the main entity capable of providing the conditions needed to increase birth rates and strengthen family values. e most signiﬁcant fac- tors noted by the respondents are the stability of the economic situation, job security, housing aﬀordability, and systemic support for families with children. At the same time, young people recognize that economic instruments should be combined with cultural, educational, and pro- paganda measures to foster a responsible attitude towards parenthood. e limitations of the study include the exclusively qualitative method of data collection and the focus of the study on a single region, which does not allow extrapolating the results to Russian youth. In addition, although the qualitative design of the study based on interviews re- ﬂects the depth of perception, it does not quantify the scale of the phenomenon. Prospects for further research are related to how changes in economic and social aspects af- fect the attitudes of young citizens towards family, fertility, and trust in state demographic policy. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES • Arutiunian, K. S. (2013). “Changes in social consciousness in conditions of social crisis (so- cial-philosophical aspect)”. University Proceedings. Volga Region. Social Sciences, 1(25), 73–79. • Besschetnova, O. V. (2025). “Family values and reproductive attitudes of student youth: To give birth, not to postpone”. Voprosy Upravleniya [Management Issues], 19(2), 17–31. https:// doi.org/10.22394/2304-3369-2025-2-17-31 • Dzgoev, R. B., Krasulin, L. A., Tregub, I. V. (2024). “Econometric analysis of the labor mar- ket in the North Caucasus region”. Economic Problems and Legal Practice, 20(2), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.33693/2541-8025-2024-20-2-202-210

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