Educación sin movilidad económica en comunidades rurales ecuatorianas
Palabras clave:
Capital humano, movilidad económica, desarrollo rural, desigualdad estructural, mercado laboral
Resumen
La educación ha sido concebida como un mecanismo central de movilidad económica a partir de la teoría del capital humano; sin embargo, en contextos rurales con estructuras productivas poco diversificadas, sus retornos pueden estar condicionados por factores estructurales. Este estudio analiza la asociación entre nivel de instrucción e ingreso mensual por género en comunidades rurales del cantón Milagro (Ecuador), a partir de una muestra de 793 hogares. Se emplearon tablas de contingencia, la prueba ji-cuadrado de independencia y el estadístico V de Cramer para evaluar tanto la significancia como la intensidad de la relación. Los resultados evidencian una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre educación e ingreso en hombres y mujeres (p < 0,05); no obstante, la magnitud del efecto es débil a moderada, lo que indica que la educación mejora la posición relativa dentro de la estructura salarial sin generar transformaciones sustantivas en los niveles de ingreso. La concentración de los hogares en rangos bajos e intermedios, incluso entre quienes alcanzan educación secundaria o superior, sugiere que los retornos educativos se encuentran limitados por las condiciones del mercado laboral rural. Se concluye que el capital humano opera dentro de un marco estructural que restringe su potencial transformador en economías agrícolas de baja productividad, lo que implica la necesidad de articular políticas educativas con estrategias de diversificación productiva y mejora del empleo rural.
Citas
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Almache, R., Guzmán, P., Regatto, R., & Alvarado, S. (2025). Education and equity: Challenges of Special Educational Needs (SEN) in rural Ecuador. Seminars in Medical Writing and Education, 4, Artículo 467. https://doi.org/10.56294/mw2025467
Alvarado, R., Alvarado, S., Govea, D., & Jaime, D. (2025). Impact of digital education in rural areas of Ecuador: Challenges and opportunities. Seminars in Medical Writing and Education, 4, Artículo 468. https://doi.org/10.56294/mw2025468
Al-Wazzan, R. R., & Almula-Dhanoon, M. D. (2022). Nexus between education and income distribution in high-income countries. TANMIYAT AL-RAFIDAIN, 41(133), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.33899/tanra.2021.130652.1106
Armijos, E. D. C., Armijos, D. M., Juca, M. E., & Vega, A. A. (2023). Effects associated with the devaluation of women in a rural parish in the province of Loja. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología, 3, Artículo 559. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2023559
Auerbach, P., & Green, F. (2025). Reformulating the critique of human capital theory. Journal of Economic Surveys, 39(5), 1839-1851. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12675
Bhawna Sahu, & Anuradha R. Tiwary. (2025). Migration, mobility, and margins: Exploring rural-urban shifts in the Lambani community. Journal of Informatics Education and Research, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.52783/jier.v5i2.2720
Borbely, D., Gehrsitz, M., McIntyre, S., Rossi, G., & Roy, G. (2024). Rurality, socio-economic disadvantage and educational mobility: A Scottish case study. British Educational Research Journal, 50(1), 162-182. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3917
Chen, X. (2025). The impact of education on income and its gender heterogeneity. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences, 214(1), 102-111. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2025.CAU26954
Clark, J. C., Bartik, W., Smith, P., & Rice, K. (2024). Help-seeking for young rural males disengaged from education. Australian Journal of Psychology, 76(1), Artículo 2430624. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2024.2430624
Dusaev, K., & Dusaeva, A. (2024). Conceptual foundations of human capital. Russian Journal of Management, 12(1). https://riorpub.com/en/nauka/article/75162/view
Ebrahimi, R., Choobchian, S., Farhadian, H., Goli, I., Farmandeh, E., & Azadi, H. (2022). Investigating the effect of vocational education and training on rural women’s empowerment. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1), Artículo 167. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01187-4
Eguía, B., Aldaz, L., & Aizpurua, A. (2025). Asimilación ocupacional y salarial de los inmigrantes en el mercado laboral español. Revista Prisma Social, (50), 141-166. https://doi.org/10.65598/rps.5832
Feitosa, D. A. (2025). Educação do campo e as condições de oferta da educação básica nas escolas do campo: Breve reflexão. Revista de Educação Popular, 24(1), 331-354. https://doi.org/10.14393/REP-2025-74016
Fuqua, M., & Fan, X. (2025). Reimagining mobility in rural education: Challenges, opportunities, and paths forward. Australian and International Journal of Rural Education, 35(3), i-v. https://doi.org/10.47381/aijre.v35i3.863
Heifetz, I., & Jaffe, P. G. (2023). Exploring the impact of industrialization on social mobility in rural communities: Towards inclusive and sustainable economic transformation. Law and Economics, 17(3), 218-236. https://doi.org/10.35335/laweco.v17i3.46
Herrmann, A. M., Zaal, P. M., Chappin, M. M. H., Schemmann, B., & Lühmann, A. (2023). “We don’t need no (higher) education”—How the gig economy challenges the education-income paradigm. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 186, Artículo 122136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122136
Junaid, M., Ferretti, M., & Marinelli, G. (2025). Innovation and sustainable solutions for mobility in rural areas: A comparative analysis of case studies in Europe. Sustainability, 17(3), Artículo 871. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030871
Lamino, P., Millares, C., Quijada Landaverde, R., & Boren-Alpízar, A. (2024). Rural youth migration intentions in Ecuador: The role of agricultural education programs. Advancements in Agricultural Development, 5(3), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.37433/aad.v5i3.433
Li, M. (2024). Research on the impact of gender role perceptions on women’s educational opportunities in urban and rural China. Communications in Humanities Research, 40(1), 219-226. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/40/20242344
Li, N. (2023). Analysis of the impact of family education level on household income: A study based on the CHFS database. International Journal of Accounting and Finance Studies, 6(1), p50. https://doi.org/10.22158/ijafs.v6n1p50
Lindberg, M. H., Chen, G., Olsen, J. A., & Abelsen, B. (2022). Combining education and income into a socioeconomic position score for use in studies of health inequalities. BMC Public Health, 22(1), Artículo 969. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13366-8
Mou, W. (2023). A quantitative analysis of the relationship between education level and income. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 12, 160-166. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v12i.7617
Naveed, A. (2024). More snakes than ladders: Mass schooling, social closure, and the pursuit of taraqqi (social mobility) in rural Pakistan. Rural Sociology, 89(3), 375-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12545
Parker, E., Tach, L., & Robertson, C. (2022). Do federal place-based policies improve economic opportunity in rural communities? RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 8(4), 125-154. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.4.06
Parsons, R. (2022). Moving out to move up: Higher education as a mobility pathway in the rural south. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 8(3), 208-229. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.09
Radiowala, A. A., & S. Molwane, M. (2021). A study on the challenges faced by rural women in accessing education. Journal of Scientific Research, 65(04), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.37398/JSR.2021.650402
Ratnaparkhi, A., Mallav, A., Chitre, A., & Kore, S. (2024). Mathematical modeling and analysis of the relationship between educational achievements and income. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis, 32. https://doi.org/10.52783/cana.v32.3812
Robinson-Pant, A. (2023). Education for rural development: Forty years on. International Journal of Educational Development, 96, Artículo 102702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2022.102702
Roccisano, F. (2025). Educating communities for economic inclusion of youth. Interdisciplinary Journal of Labor and Economics, 16(1), 67-77. https://doi.org/10.62693/knxxbd69
Russell, D., Mathew, S., Fitts, M., Liddle, Z., Murakami-Gold, L., Campbell, N., Ramjan, M., Zhao, Y., Hines, S., Humphreys, J. S., & Wakerman, J. (2021). Interventions for health workforce retention in rural and remote areas: A systematic review. Human Resources for Health, 19(1), Artículo 103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00643-7
Segura, J. M., & Torres, H. F. (2020). Educación rural e inclusión social en Colombia: Reflexiones desde la matriz neoliberal. Plumilla Educativa, 25(1), 71-97. https://doi.org/10.30554/pe.1.3831.2020
Song, J. (2023). The impact of economic development on inadequate education resources in rural China. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 23, 285-290. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v23i12898
Sunder, N., Gupta, S., & Pingali, P. L. (2023). Leveraging men’s education as an effective pathway for improving diet quality: Evidence from rural India. PLOS ONE, 18(11), Artículo e0283935. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283935
Wang, S., Xu, H., Shen, M., & Meng, D. (2025). Returns to education: The roles of income, gender, and occupations. AEA Papers and Proceedings, 115, 664-668. https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20251095
Xie, A. (2023). Education, career and income: Stylized facts and prospect. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 8(1), 417-421. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/8/20230256
Yang, D., Zheng, G., Wang, H., & Li, M. (2022). Education, income, and happiness: Evidence from China. Frontiers in Public Health.. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.855327
Yang, L., & Kong, Q. (2025). Education and income inequality in rural areas: A comparative study. Education and Information Technologies, 30(4), 5353-5373. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10639-024-13007-0
Yupanqui, R. C. (2025). Community-engaged education policies and their impact on urban-rural educational equity in Peru. Research and Advances in Education, 4(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.56397/RAE.2025.03.01
Zahnd, W. E., Bell, N., & Larson, A. E. (2022). Geographic, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic inequities in broadband access. The Journal of Rural Health, 38(3), 519-526. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12635
Zhang, H., Hu, L.-C., & Hannum, E. (2023). Youth educational mobility and the rural family in China. Research in Education, Artículo 00345237231216309. https://doi.org/10.1177/00345237231216309
Almache, R., Guzmán, P., Regatto, R., & Alvarado, S. (2025). Education and equity: Challenges of Special Educational Needs (SEN) in rural Ecuador. Seminars in Medical Writing and Education, 4, Artículo 467. https://doi.org/10.56294/mw2025467
Alvarado, R., Alvarado, S., Govea, D., & Jaime, D. (2025). Impact of digital education in rural areas of Ecuador: Challenges and opportunities. Seminars in Medical Writing and Education, 4, Artículo 468. https://doi.org/10.56294/mw2025468
Al-Wazzan, R. R., & Almula-Dhanoon, M. D. (2022). Nexus between education and income distribution in high-income countries. TANMIYAT AL-RAFIDAIN, 41(133), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.33899/tanra.2021.130652.1106
Armijos, E. D. C., Armijos, D. M., Juca, M. E., & Vega, A. A. (2023). Effects associated with the devaluation of women in a rural parish in the province of Loja. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología, 3, Artículo 559. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2023559
Auerbach, P., & Green, F. (2025). Reformulating the critique of human capital theory. Journal of Economic Surveys, 39(5), 1839-1851. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12675
Bhawna Sahu, & Anuradha R. Tiwary. (2025). Migration, mobility, and margins: Exploring rural-urban shifts in the Lambani community. Journal of Informatics Education and Research, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.52783/jier.v5i2.2720
Borbely, D., Gehrsitz, M., McIntyre, S., Rossi, G., & Roy, G. (2024). Rurality, socio-economic disadvantage and educational mobility: A Scottish case study. British Educational Research Journal, 50(1), 162-182. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3917
Chen, X. (2025). The impact of education on income and its gender heterogeneity. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences, 214(1), 102-111. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2025.CAU26954
Clark, J. C., Bartik, W., Smith, P., & Rice, K. (2024). Help-seeking for young rural males disengaged from education. Australian Journal of Psychology, 76(1), Artículo 2430624. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2024.2430624
Dusaev, K., & Dusaeva, A. (2024). Conceptual foundations of human capital. Russian Journal of Management, 12(1). https://riorpub.com/en/nauka/article/75162/view
Ebrahimi, R., Choobchian, S., Farhadian, H., Goli, I., Farmandeh, E., & Azadi, H. (2022). Investigating the effect of vocational education and training on rural women’s empowerment. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1), Artículo 167. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01187-4
Eguía, B., Aldaz, L., & Aizpurua, A. (2025). Asimilación ocupacional y salarial de los inmigrantes en el mercado laboral español. Revista Prisma Social, (50), 141-166. https://doi.org/10.65598/rps.5832
Feitosa, D. A. (2025). Educação do campo e as condições de oferta da educação básica nas escolas do campo: Breve reflexão. Revista de Educação Popular, 24(1), 331-354. https://doi.org/10.14393/REP-2025-74016
Fuqua, M., & Fan, X. (2025). Reimagining mobility in rural education: Challenges, opportunities, and paths forward. Australian and International Journal of Rural Education, 35(3), i-v. https://doi.org/10.47381/aijre.v35i3.863
Heifetz, I., & Jaffe, P. G. (2023). Exploring the impact of industrialization on social mobility in rural communities: Towards inclusive and sustainable economic transformation. Law and Economics, 17(3), 218-236. https://doi.org/10.35335/laweco.v17i3.46
Herrmann, A. M., Zaal, P. M., Chappin, M. M. H., Schemmann, B., & Lühmann, A. (2023). “We don’t need no (higher) education”—How the gig economy challenges the education-income paradigm. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 186, Artículo 122136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122136
Junaid, M., Ferretti, M., & Marinelli, G. (2025). Innovation and sustainable solutions for mobility in rural areas: A comparative analysis of case studies in Europe. Sustainability, 17(3), Artículo 871. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030871
Lamino, P., Millares, C., Quijada Landaverde, R., & Boren-Alpízar, A. (2024). Rural youth migration intentions in Ecuador: The role of agricultural education programs. Advancements in Agricultural Development, 5(3), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.37433/aad.v5i3.433
Li, M. (2024). Research on the impact of gender role perceptions on women’s educational opportunities in urban and rural China. Communications in Humanities Research, 40(1), 219-226. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/40/20242344
Li, N. (2023). Analysis of the impact of family education level on household income: A study based on the CHFS database. International Journal of Accounting and Finance Studies, 6(1), p50. https://doi.org/10.22158/ijafs.v6n1p50
Lindberg, M. H., Chen, G., Olsen, J. A., & Abelsen, B. (2022). Combining education and income into a socioeconomic position score for use in studies of health inequalities. BMC Public Health, 22(1), Artículo 969. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13366-8
Mou, W. (2023). A quantitative analysis of the relationship between education level and income. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 12, 160-166. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v12i.7617
Naveed, A. (2024). More snakes than ladders: Mass schooling, social closure, and the pursuit of taraqqi (social mobility) in rural Pakistan. Rural Sociology, 89(3), 375-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12545
Parker, E., Tach, L., & Robertson, C. (2022). Do federal place-based policies improve economic opportunity in rural communities? RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 8(4), 125-154. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.4.06
Parsons, R. (2022). Moving out to move up: Higher education as a mobility pathway in the rural south. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 8(3), 208-229. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.09
Radiowala, A. A., & S. Molwane, M. (2021). A study on the challenges faced by rural women in accessing education. Journal of Scientific Research, 65(04), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.37398/JSR.2021.650402
Ratnaparkhi, A., Mallav, A., Chitre, A., & Kore, S. (2024). Mathematical modeling and analysis of the relationship between educational achievements and income. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis, 32. https://doi.org/10.52783/cana.v32.3812
Robinson-Pant, A. (2023). Education for rural development: Forty years on. International Journal of Educational Development, 96, Artículo 102702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2022.102702
Roccisano, F. (2025). Educating communities for economic inclusion of youth. Interdisciplinary Journal of Labor and Economics, 16(1), 67-77. https://doi.org/10.62693/knxxbd69
Russell, D., Mathew, S., Fitts, M., Liddle, Z., Murakami-Gold, L., Campbell, N., Ramjan, M., Zhao, Y., Hines, S., Humphreys, J. S., & Wakerman, J. (2021). Interventions for health workforce retention in rural and remote areas: A systematic review. Human Resources for Health, 19(1), Artículo 103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00643-7
Segura, J. M., & Torres, H. F. (2020). Educación rural e inclusión social en Colombia: Reflexiones desde la matriz neoliberal. Plumilla Educativa, 25(1), 71-97. https://doi.org/10.30554/pe.1.3831.2020
Song, J. (2023). The impact of economic development on inadequate education resources in rural China. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 23, 285-290. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v23i12898
Sunder, N., Gupta, S., & Pingali, P. L. (2023). Leveraging men’s education as an effective pathway for improving diet quality: Evidence from rural India. PLOS ONE, 18(11), Artículo e0283935. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283935
Wang, S., Xu, H., Shen, M., & Meng, D. (2025). Returns to education: The roles of income, gender, and occupations. AEA Papers and Proceedings, 115, 664-668. https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20251095
Xie, A. (2023). Education, career and income: Stylized facts and prospect. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 8(1), 417-421. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/8/20230256
Yang, D., Zheng, G., Wang, H., & Li, M. (2022). Education, income, and happiness: Evidence from China. Frontiers in Public Health.. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.855327
Yang, L., & Kong, Q. (2025). Education and income inequality in rural areas: A comparative study. Education and Information Technologies, 30(4), 5353-5373. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10639-024-13007-0
Yupanqui, R. C. (2025). Community-engaged education policies and their impact on urban-rural educational equity in Peru. Research and Advances in Education, 4(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.56397/RAE.2025.03.01
Zahnd, W. E., Bell, N., & Larson, A. E. (2022). Geographic, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic inequities in broadband access. The Journal of Rural Health, 38(3), 519-526. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12635
Zhang, H., Hu, L.-C., & Hannum, E. (2023). Youth educational mobility and the rural family in China. Research in Education, Artículo 00345237231216309. https://doi.org/10.1177/00345237231216309
Publicado
2026-06-15
Cómo citar
Chusan Wong, J. E., Yánez Cabrera, J. S., Viera Vaca, F. X., & Chevez Villanueva, M. S. (2026). Educación sin movilidad económica en comunidades rurales ecuatorianas. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 31(15), e31e1542. Recuperado a partir de http://www.produccioncientifica.luz.edu.ve/index.php/rvg/article/view/45725
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