Effect of dietary ion supplementation on the survival and growth of Penaeus vannamei during the pre-nursery stage in well water
Keywords:
survival, feed conversion, mineral supplementation, low salinity, post larvae
Abstract
Aquaculture has become an essential activity to ensure global food security, with white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) standing out as one of the most important species due to its high demand and adaptability to diverse environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary ion supplementation on the survival, growth and feed efficiency of P. vannamei during the pre-nursery stage using well water. The experiment included a control treatment (T0) with seawater (34 ppt) and no added ions, and three treatments using well water and ion-supplemented diets: T1 (0.1 mg Ca²⁺, 1.2 mg Mg²⁺, 0.4 mg K⁺), T2 (0.2 mg Ca²⁺, 2.2 mg Mg²⁺, 0.8 mg K⁺), and T3 (0.4 mg Ca²⁺, 4.2 mg Mg²⁺, 1.4 mg K⁺). Each treatment consisted of three replicates, with 50 post-larvae per tank, over a 28-day period. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in survival, growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The highest growth (1.03 %) was recorded in T0, followed by T2 (0.91 %) and T3 (0.83 %), while T1 showed the lowest growth (0.68 %) and the best FCR (1.027). Treatment T3 showed a favorable balance between growth and survival (94.5 %) with a competitive FCR (1.091). It is concluded that dietary ion supplementation improves the zootechnical performance of P. vannamei cultured in well water, and that appropriate adjustment of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ concentrations in feed can optimize both survival and feed efficiency under low-salinity conditions.
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References
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Valenzuela-Madrigal, I., Valenzuela, W., Esparza, H., Rodriguez, G., & Aragon, G. (2017). Effects of ionic composition on growth and survival of L. vannamei. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía, 52(1), 103–112. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-19572017000100008
Wang, Z., Qu, Y., Yan, M., Li, J., Zou, J., & Fan, L. (2019). Physiological responses of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to temperature fluctuation in low-salinity water. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1025. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01025
Amir, D., Ahl, R., Parsons, W., & McAuliffe, K. (2021). Children are more forgiving of accidental harms across development. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 205, 105081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.105081
Campa-Córdova, Á. I., Aguirre-Guzmán, G., Méndez-Martínez, Y., Medina-Félix, D., Ceseña, C. E., García-Armenta, J., & Valenzuela-Chávez, J. A. (2024). Immunochemical response and gene expression in juvenile white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) exposed to microorganisms isolated from the sea sediment. Veterinaria México OA, 11, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2024.1207
Castillo-Ochoa, B., & Velásquez-López, P. (2021). Manejo estacional de los sistemas de producción de camarón en el Ecuador. Sociedad & Tecnología, 4(3), 447-461. https://doi.org/10.51247/st.v4i3.151
Federation, W. E., & Aph Association. (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association (APHA): Washington, DC, USA, 21. https://www.scirp.org/reference/ReferencesPapers?ReferenceID=1870039
Furtado, D., De Carvalho, S., Da Silva, L., Perazzo, G., & Gouveia de Souza, J. (2011). Desempenho e caracteristicas de carcaça de avez caipiras alimentadas com feno de erva-sal. Revista Caatinga, 24 (3), 182-189. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/22152
Galkanda‐Arachchige, H., Roy, L. & Davis, D. (2020). Evaluation of an alternative salt mixture to culture Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in inland aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, 51(9), 3540-3550. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14691
Gil-Núñez, J., Martínez-Córdova, L., Servín-Villegas, R., Magallon-Barajas, F., Bórquez-López, R., Gonzalez-Galaviz, J. & Casillas-Hernández, R. (2020). Production of Penaeus vannamei in low salinity, using diets formulated with different protein sources and percentages. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 48(3), 396-405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol48-issue3-fulltext-2361
Huong, D., Jasmani, S., Jayasankar, V., & Wilder, M. (2010). Na/K-ATPase activity and osmo-ionic regulation in adult whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to low salinities. Aquaculture. 304, 1–4, 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.03.025
Jaffer, Y., Saraswathy, R., Ishfaq, M., Antony, J., Bundela, D., & Sharma, P. (2019). Effect of low salinity on the growth and survival of juvenile pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei: A revival. Aquaculture, 515(15), 734561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734561
Juniarti H., Diniarti, N., & Scrabra, A. (2022). The effect of addition of calcium oxide (CaO) on the cultivation of Litopenaeus vannamei in freshwater. IJOTA Indonesian Journal of Tropical Aquatic, 5(1), 50-63. https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/ijota/article/download/17899/12377/88445
Li, D. & Liu, S. Li. (2017). Water quality and mineral nutrition in aquaculture. Aquaculture Reports, 6, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811330-1.00012-0
Lucu, Č., & Towle, D. (2003). Na++K+-ATPase in gills of aquatic crustacea. . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology.
135(2), 195-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00064-3
Méndez-Martínez, Y., Gucić, M., Martinez-Cordova, L. Civera-Cerecedo, R., & Cortés-Jacinto (2021). Dry matter, protein, and energy digestibility of diets for juvenile Pacific white leg shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared at different salinity levels. Ciência Rural. 51 (8), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190636
Morales-Cristobal, Y., Cortés-Jacinto, E., Saucedo, P. E., Méndez-Martínez, Y., Ledea-Rodríguez, J. L., Guzmán-Murillo, M. A., Sánchez-Ortiz, A. C., & Campa-Córdova, A. I. (2022). Dietary enrichment with crude protein content and feed additives (Bacillus spp. and yeast strains) improves growth performance, survival and circulating hemocytes in juvenile white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía, 57(1), 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22370/rbmo.2022.57.1.3361
Ordoñez-Iglesias, J., Méndez-Martínez, Y., & Zúñiga-Argudo, O. (2024). Effect of dietary ionic balance on the health of P. vannamei in pre-rearing stage cultured in well water. Revista ALLPA, 7(14), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.56124/allpa.v7i14.0079
Roy, L. A., Davis, D. A., Saoud, I. P., Boyd, C. A., Pine, H. J., & Boyd, C. E. (2010). Shrimp culture in inland low salinity waters. Reviews in Aquaculture, 2(4), 191–208.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2010.01036.x
Rubio, M., Silveira, R., Pérez, L., & González, N. (2012). Enfermedad de la mancha del caparazón en el camarón de cultivo Litopenaeus vannamei. Revista Electronica de Veterinaria, 13(7), 2-8. http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet/n070712.html
Saraswathy, R., Moturi, M., Changaramkumarath, B., Rameshbabu, R., Suvana. S., Periyamuthu, K., Jagabattulla, D., Satheesha, A., Arunachalam, N., & Koyadan, V. (2020). Osmo-ionic regulation in whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) exposed to climate change-induced low salinities. Aquaculture Research, 51(11), 4693–4705. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14933
Song, J., Zheng, C., Hao, Q., Huang, J., Huang, W., Chi, S., Tan, B., Huang, W., & Xie, S. (2025). Mineral supplementation protected intestinal health in Litopenaeus vannamei by alleviating the immune response and oxidative damage caused by high-level of Clostridium autoethanogenum protein. Aquaculture Reports, 43(15), 102991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102991
Valenzuela-Madrigal, I., Valenzuela, W., Esparza, H., Rodriguez, G., & Aragon, G. (2017). Effects of ionic composition on growth and survival of L. vannamei. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía, 52(1), 103–112. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-19572017000100008
Wang, Z., Qu, Y., Yan, M., Li, J., Zou, J., & Fan, L. (2019). Physiological responses of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to temperature fluctuation in low-salinity water. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1025. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01025
Published
2025-09-04
How to Cite
Ordoñez-Iglesias, J., Zambrano-Ostaiza, A., & Méndez-Martínez, Y. (2025). Effect of dietary ion supplementation on the survival and growth of Penaeus vannamei during the pre-nursery stage in well water. Revista De La Facultad De Agronomía De La Universidad Del Zulia, 42(3), e254242. Retrieved from http://www.produccioncientifica.luz.edu.ve/index.php/agronomia/article/view/44394
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Animal Production
Copyright (c) 2025 Juan P. Ordoñez-Iglesias, Agustin N. Zambrano-Ostaiza, Yuniel Méndez-Martínez
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