Punishment as a failed reintegration in Latin America
Keywords:
Imprisonment, Failed Reintegration, Human Dignity, Inter- American Court of Human Rights, Prison Overcrowding
Abstract
The objective of the research was to analyze punishment as failed reintegration in Latin American prison systems, evaluating the enforcement of imprisonment against standards of human dignity and the effectiveness of inter-American control. The methodology operated under a theoretical- normative framework through a doctrinal analysis of the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR); in addition, a systematic review of the criminal literature was carried out, giving priority to the SciELO database and empirical data on prison overcrowding. Among the findings, it is noteworthy that prison regimes in the region prioritize mass incarceration over dignified spaces, which leads to recidivism rates of up to 30-40%. There is ineffective oversight by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), with only 15.11% of judgments enforced and emblematic cases that have been unfulfilled for more than 15 years. It is concluded that the prison crisis transcends merely technically, favoring an axiological collapse of ius puniendi. Therefore, selective decriminalization, binding IACHR protocols with progressive sanctions, and the reform of Article 65 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) are required, as well as the existence of multisystemic programs for effective reintegration.
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References
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Giordano, P. C., Schroeder, R. D., & Cernkovich, S. A. (2007). Emotions and crime over the life course: A Neo-Meadian perspective on criminal continuity and change. American Journal of Sociology, 112(6), 1603– 1661. https://doi.org/10.1086/512710
Harding, D. J., Western, B., & Sandelson, J. A. (2022). From supervision to opportunity: Reimagining probation and parole. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 701(1), 8–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221115486
Hart, A., Gelb, K., & Martinovic, M. (2023). Toward a practice framework for throughcare reintegration programs. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 69(12), 1579-1597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X231168688
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Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (1993). Turning points in the life course: Why change matters to the study of crime. Criminology, 31(3), 301– 325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01132.x
Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2001). Understanding desistance from crime. Crime and Justice, 28, 1–69. https://doi.org/10.1086/652208
Link, N. W., Ward, J. T., & Stansfield, R. (2019). Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health- based model of desistance. Criminology, 57(3), 544–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12213
Mathlin, G., Freestone, M., & Jones, H. (2022). Factors associated with successful reintegration for male offenders: A systematic narrative review with implicit causal model. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 20(2), 541–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-022-09547-5
Mejía, J. (2024). El déficit de cumplimiento de las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Universidad San Francisco de Quito. https://www.usfq.edu.ec/es/grupos-de-investigacion/centro-de-derecho-internacional-de-proteccion-usfq/deficit-cumplimiento-sentencias-corte-interamericana-derechos-humanos
Menéndez, C., & García Gutiérrez, E. (2018). Características predictoras de éxito en la reinserción social de personas drogodependientes. Pedagogía Social: Revista Interuniversitaria, (32), 107–125. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6621675
Miller, R. J. (2014). Devolving the carceral state: Race, prisoner reentry, and the micro-politics of urban poverty management. Punishment and Society, 16(3), 305–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474514527487
Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos. (2025, 13 de enero). Ministerio de Justicia reafirma su compromiso con la reinserción y la reducción del hacinamiento penitenciario. Plataforma del Estado Peruano. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minjus/noticias/1247904-ministerio-de-justicia-reafirma-su-compromiso-con-la-reinsercion-y-la-reduccion-del-hacinamiento-penitenciario
Naciones Unidas, Oficina del Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos. (1966). Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos. https://www.ohchr.org/es/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights
Naser, R. L., & La Vigne, N. G. (2006). Family support in the prisoner reentry process: Expectations and realities. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 43(1), 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v43n01_05
Noriega, J. J., & Núñez Aguirre, D. A. (2025). Perú y México: Ineficacia de las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana en casos de desaparición forzada. Revista de Derecho, 25(1), 523-577. https://revistas.udep.edu.pe/derecho/article/view/3971
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Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, 108(5), 937–975. https://doi.org/10.1086/374403
Paternoster, R., & Bushway, S. (2009). Desistance and the feared self: Toward an identity theory of criminal desistance. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 99(4), 1103–1156. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol99/iss4/5
Pellegrini, L. (2015). El incumplimiento de las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx
Pettus, C. A. (2023). Trauma and prospects for reentry. Annual Review of Criminology, 6, 423–446. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-041122-111300
Pleace, N., & Minton, J. (2009). Delivering better housing and employment outcomes for offenders on probation. https://lx.iriss.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/Delivering%20better%20housing.pdf
Rama Judicial del Poder Público, Corte Constitucional de Colombia. (2015). Sentencia T-762/15. https://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2015/t-762-15.htm
Remón, S. (2022). Análisis descriptivo pre-tratamiento del programa para agresores de violencia de género en medidas alternativas (PRIA- MA). International e-Journal of Criminal Sciences, (17), Artículo 2. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8418922
Revkin, M. R., & Kao, K. (2021). How does punishment affect reintegration? Attitudes toward Islamic State. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3832730
Russell, G., Seymour, F., & Lambie, I. (2011). Community reintegration of sex offenders of children in New Zealand. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X11426132
Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1995). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Harvard University Press.
Seim, J., & Harding, D. J. (2020). Parolefare: Post-prison supervision and low- wage work. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 6(1), 173–195. https://doi.org/10.15195/v6.a8
Snacken, S., Devynck, C., & Uzieblo, K. (2022). Dignity, social reintegration of prisoners, and the new penal power: European human rights, experiences of Belgian prisoners, and professional practices. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 66(9), 980– 1000. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X221099489
Soss, J., & Weaver, V. (2017). Police are our government: Politics, political science, and the policing of race-class subjugated communities. Annual Review of Political Science, 20, 565–591. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-060415-093825
UNESCO. (2006). Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146180_ spa
Vásquez, M. S. (2024). La dignidad humana y los desafíos jurídicos que conlleva la crisis del hacinamiento penitenciario. Aula Virtual, 5(12), 2070–2094. http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sciarttext&pid=S2665-03982024000202070
Visher, C. A. (2015). Re-entry and reintegration after incarceration. En J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (2.ª ed., pp. 61–66). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.45096-8
Wakefield, S., & Uggen, C. (2010). Incarceration and stratification. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102551
Western, B. (2018). Homeward: Life in the year after prison. Russell Sage Foundation.
Wilson, S. (2019). Failures of reintegration and the return to prison. En A. T. Caldwell & R. A. Wright (Eds.), Black males and the criminal justice system (pp. 85–94). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315522012-8
Berg, M. T., & Cobbina, J. E. (2017). Cognitive transformation, social ecological settings, and the reentry outcomes of women offenders. Crime and Delinquency, 63(12), 1522–1546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128716660521
Burnett, R. (2013). To reoffend or not to reoffend? The ambivalence of convicted property offenders. En S. Maruna & R. Immarigeon (Eds.), After crime and punishment: Pathways to offender reintegration (pp. 152–180). Willan. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781843924203-10
Castro, A. E. (2018). Estándares de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en materia de imputados y condenados privados de libertad. Anuario de Derechos Humanos, (14), 35-54. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9910209
ComexPerú. (2025, 13 de enero). Hacinamiento en cárceles amenaza la seguridad pública. https://www.comexperu.org.pe/articulo/hacinamiento-en-carceles-amenaza-la-seguridad-publica
Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. (2003). Informe final: Hatun Willakuy. https://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/
Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. (2006). Caso Montero Aranguren y otros (Retén de Catia) vs. Venezuela. Sentencia de 5 de julio de 2006 (Serie C, No. 150). https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_150_esp.pdf
Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. (2025). Caso Durand y Ugarte vs. Perú. Supervisión de cumplimiento de sentencia. https://corteidh.or.cr/docs/supervisiones/19casos_peru_02_07_2025.pdf
Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. (2024). Informe anual 2024. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/informe2024/espanol.pdf
Fader, J. J. (2021). “I don’t have time for drama”: Managing risk and uncertainty through network avoidance. Criminology, 59(2), 291–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12271
Farrall, S., & Maruna, S. (2004). Desistance-focused criminal justice policy research: Introduction to a special issue on desistance from crime and public policy. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(4), 358– 367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2004.00335.x
Fernández, Y. M. (2021). Tratamiento penitenciario y reinserción social de los internos del establecimiento penitenciario de Chachapoyas, 2021 [Tesis de maestría, Universidad César Vallejo]. Repositorio Institucional UCV. https://renati.sunedu.gob.pe/handle/renati/1564328
Giordano, P. C., Cernkovich, S. A., & Rudolph, J. L. (2002). Gender, crime, and desistance: Toward a theory of cognitive transformation. American JournalofSociology,107(4),990–1064. https://doi.org/10.1086/343191
Giordano, P. C., Schroeder, R. D., & Cernkovich, S. A. (2007). Emotions and crime over the life course: A Neo-Meadian perspective on criminal continuity and change. American Journal of Sociology, 112(6), 1603– 1661. https://doi.org/10.1086/512710
Harding, D. J., Western, B., & Sandelson, J. A. (2022). From supervision to opportunity: Reimagining probation and parole. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 701(1), 8–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221115486
Hart, A., Gelb, K., & Martinovic, M. (2023). Toward a practice framework for throughcare reintegration programs. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 69(12), 1579-1597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X231168688
Hernández, N. (2018). El fracaso de la resocialización en Colombia. Revista de Derecho, (49), 2-41. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sciarttext&pid=S0121-86972018000100002
Infobae. (2024, 6 de diciembre). Hacinamiento penitenciario: Posición de Perú en ranking de sobrepoblación carcelaria. https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/12/06/hacinamiento-penitenciario-posicion-de-peru-en-ranking-global-y-sudamericano-de-paises-con-sobrepoblacion-y- ocupacion-carcelaria/
Kellett, N. C. (2022). Truth and reparations: A perpetual challenge for the marginalized in Peru. Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, 27(4), 540–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12642
Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (1993). Turning points in the life course: Why change matters to the study of crime. Criminology, 31(3), 301– 325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01132.x
Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2001). Understanding desistance from crime. Crime and Justice, 28, 1–69. https://doi.org/10.1086/652208
Link, N. W., Ward, J. T., & Stansfield, R. (2019). Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health- based model of desistance. Criminology, 57(3), 544–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12213
Mathlin, G., Freestone, M., & Jones, H. (2022). Factors associated with successful reintegration for male offenders: A systematic narrative review with implicit causal model. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 20(2), 541–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-022-09547-5
Mejía, J. (2024). El déficit de cumplimiento de las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Universidad San Francisco de Quito. https://www.usfq.edu.ec/es/grupos-de-investigacion/centro-de-derecho-internacional-de-proteccion-usfq/deficit-cumplimiento-sentencias-corte-interamericana-derechos-humanos
Menéndez, C., & García Gutiérrez, E. (2018). Características predictoras de éxito en la reinserción social de personas drogodependientes. Pedagogía Social: Revista Interuniversitaria, (32), 107–125. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6621675
Miller, R. J. (2014). Devolving the carceral state: Race, prisoner reentry, and the micro-politics of urban poverty management. Punishment and Society, 16(3), 305–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474514527487
Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos. (2025, 13 de enero). Ministerio de Justicia reafirma su compromiso con la reinserción y la reducción del hacinamiento penitenciario. Plataforma del Estado Peruano. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minjus/noticias/1247904-ministerio-de-justicia-reafirma-su-compromiso-con-la-reinsercion-y-la-reduccion-del-hacinamiento-penitenciario
Naciones Unidas, Oficina del Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos. (1966). Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos. https://www.ohchr.org/es/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights
Naser, R. L., & La Vigne, N. G. (2006). Family support in the prisoner reentry process: Expectations and realities. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 43(1), 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v43n01_05
Noriega, J. J., & Núñez Aguirre, D. A. (2025). Perú y México: Ineficacia de las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana en casos de desaparición forzada. Revista de Derecho, 25(1), 523-577. https://revistas.udep.edu.pe/derecho/article/view/3971
Observatorio Venezolano de Prisiones. (2025, 21 de julio). Cárceles venezolanas registraron hacinamiento crítico por octavo año consecutivo. El Diario. https://eldiario.com/2025/07/21/ovp-carceles-venezolanas-registraron-hacinamiento-critico-por-octavo-ano-consecutivo/
Organización de los Estados Americanos. (1969). Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (Pacto de San José). https://www.oas.org/dil/esp/tratados_B-32_Convencion_Americana_sobre_Derechos_Humanos.htm
Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, 108(5), 937–975. https://doi.org/10.1086/374403
Paternoster, R., & Bushway, S. (2009). Desistance and the feared self: Toward an identity theory of criminal desistance. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 99(4), 1103–1156. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol99/iss4/5
Pellegrini, L. (2015). El incumplimiento de las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx
Pettus, C. A. (2023). Trauma and prospects for reentry. Annual Review of Criminology, 6, 423–446. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-041122-111300
Pleace, N., & Minton, J. (2009). Delivering better housing and employment outcomes for offenders on probation. https://lx.iriss.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/Delivering%20better%20housing.pdf
Rama Judicial del Poder Público, Corte Constitucional de Colombia. (2015). Sentencia T-762/15. https://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2015/t-762-15.htm
Remón, S. (2022). Análisis descriptivo pre-tratamiento del programa para agresores de violencia de género en medidas alternativas (PRIA- MA). International e-Journal of Criminal Sciences, (17), Artículo 2. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8418922
Revkin, M. R., & Kao, K. (2021). How does punishment affect reintegration? Attitudes toward Islamic State. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3832730
Russell, G., Seymour, F., & Lambie, I. (2011). Community reintegration of sex offenders of children in New Zealand. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X11426132
Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1995). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Harvard University Press.
Seim, J., & Harding, D. J. (2020). Parolefare: Post-prison supervision and low- wage work. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 6(1), 173–195. https://doi.org/10.15195/v6.a8
Snacken, S., Devynck, C., & Uzieblo, K. (2022). Dignity, social reintegration of prisoners, and the new penal power: European human rights, experiences of Belgian prisoners, and professional practices. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 66(9), 980– 1000. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X221099489
Soss, J., & Weaver, V. (2017). Police are our government: Politics, political science, and the policing of race-class subjugated communities. Annual Review of Political Science, 20, 565–591. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-060415-093825
UNESCO. (2006). Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146180_ spa
Vásquez, M. S. (2024). La dignidad humana y los desafíos jurídicos que conlleva la crisis del hacinamiento penitenciario. Aula Virtual, 5(12), 2070–2094. http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sciarttext&pid=S2665-03982024000202070
Visher, C. A. (2015). Re-entry and reintegration after incarceration. En J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (2.ª ed., pp. 61–66). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.45096-8
Wakefield, S., & Uggen, C. (2010). Incarceration and stratification. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102551
Western, B. (2018). Homeward: Life in the year after prison. Russell Sage Foundation.
Wilson, S. (2019). Failures of reintegration and the return to prison. En A. T. Caldwell & R. A. Wright (Eds.), Black males and the criminal justice system (pp. 85–94). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315522012-8
Published
2026-01-30
How to Cite
López Ruíz, M. D. (2026). Punishment as a failed reintegration in Latin America. Political Questions, 44(84), 59-74. Retrieved from http://www.produccioncientifica.luz.edu.ve/index.php/cuestiones/article/view/45140
Section
Derecho Público
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