Explorando las restricciones de género en las oportunidades emprendedoras para las mujeres en Pakistán
Palabras clave:
emprendimiento femenino, teoría del techo de cristal, desigualdad de género, barreras socioculturales, barreras institucionales
Resumen
Este artículo de investigación cualitativa examina las experiencias de las mujeres emprendedoras en Pakistán a través de la lente de la teoría del techo de cristal. Basándose en entrevistas con mujeres emprendedoras y perspectivas de expertos, el estudio explora las barreras socioculturales, institucionales y financieras arraigadas que restringen el acceso de las mujeres a las oportunidades emprendedoras. Más allá de estas restricciones visibles, el análisis introduce y conceptualiza una dimensión crítica pero pasada por alto del techo de cristal: el techo del conocimiento. Esto se refiere a la asimetría de información y la limitada alfabetización emprendedora que impiden a las mujeres acceder, comprender y utilizar el apoyo empresarial disponible, los esquemas financieros y los marcos legales. Los hallazgos revelan que el techo del conocimiento refuerza la desigualdad de género al reducir la autonomía de las mujeres, obstaculizar el crecimiento empresarial y perpetuar la dependencia de intermediarios masculinos. A pesar de estos desafíos, el estudio destaca la resiliencia y las estrategias adaptativas que las mujeres emplean para navegar por sistemas restrictivos. Las recomendaciones enfatizan el desmantelamiento de ambos techos, visibles e invisibles, mediante una comunicación institucional fortalecida, la construcción de capacidades dirigida y estructuras de apoyo inclusivas para fomentar el empoderamiento de las mujeres, el desarrollo inclusivo y la alleviación sostenible de la pobreza en Pakistán.
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Bianco, M. E., Lombe, M., & Bolis, M. (2017). Challenging gender norms and practices through women’s entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(4), 338–358. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-10-2017-0060
Burt, R. S. (2019). The networks and success of female entrepreneurs in China. Social Networks, 58, 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2019.01.003
Bustos, E. O. (2022). The Effect of Organizational Reputation on Public Employees’ Retention: How to Win the “War for Talent” in Constitutional Autonomous Agencies in Mexico. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 43(3), 486–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X221130973
Chhabra, M., G. R., H. R., & H. S. (2020). An exploratory study of cognitive, social and normative dimensions of female entrepreneurship within transition economies: Evidence from India and Vietnam. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 14(2), 568-595.
Corrêa, V. S., Lima, R. M. de, Brito, F. R. da S., Machado, M. C., & Nassif, V. M. J. (2022). Female entrepreneurship in emerging and developing countries: a systematic review of practical and policy implications and suggestions for new studies. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 15(5), 1013-1038. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-04-2022-0115
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Global Gender Gap Report 2022. (2022). World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2022/
Global Gender Gap Report 2023. (2023). World Economic Forum. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2023.pdf
Gul, R., W. C., & Khan, B. U. (2021). Comparative study of the factors of female entrepreneurship in China and Pakistan. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 9(5), 346-361. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2021.95023
Hassan, M. ul, & N. A. (2020). Education for women entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions: The role of perceptions on gender equality and empowerment. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 23(4).
Hudson Breen, R., & Leung, A. (2020). Choosing mothering and entrepreneurship: a relational career-life process. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 12(3), 253–271. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-08-2019-0130
Huq, A., Tan, C. S. L., & Venugopal, V. (2020). How do women entrepreneurs strategize growth? An investigation using the social feminist theory lens. Journal of Small Business Management, 58(2), 259–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2019.1659679
Jamali, D. (2009). Constraints and opportunities facing women entrepreneurs in developing countries. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24(4), 232–251. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410910961532
Kaciak, E., & Welsh, D. H. B. (2020). Women entrepreneurs and work–life interface: The impact of sustainable economies on success. Journal of Business Research, 112, 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.073
Khan, M. S. (2020). Women’s entrepreneurship and social capital: Exploring the link between the domestic sphere and the marketplace in Pakistan. Strategic Change, 29(3), 375–387. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2336
Khan, R. U., Salamzadeh, Y., Shah, S. Z. A., & Hussain, M. (2021). Factors affecting women entrepreneurs’ success: a study of small- and medium-sized enterprises in emerging market of Pakistan. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-021-00145-9
Khan, S., Yunis, M. S., & Abdullah, F. (2019). A Fresh Perspective on Female Entrepreneurship: An Insight from Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV(III), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-III).41
Khosravipour, B., Tahmasbi, M., & Baradaran, M. (2021). Investigating the Rural Women’s Motivations for Establishing Agriculture-based Micro-Enterprises in Gilan and Mazandaran Provinces. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 16(2), 77–87.
Khursheed, A., Fatima, M., Mustafa, F., Lodhi, R. N., & Akhtar, A. (2021). An Empirical Analysis of the Factors Influencing Social Entrepreneurship: A Gendered Approach. Cuadernos de Gestión, 21(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.201320ak
Lall, M. (2022). Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in rural sector for establishing business. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, 5(3), 1-5.
Li, C., Qalati, S. A., & Ahmed, N. (2019). Impact of gender specific causes on women entrepreneurship: An opportunity structure for entrepreneurial women in rural areas. Journal of Entrepreneurship: Research & Practice, 2019, 632495. https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/impact-of-genderspecific-causes-on-women-entrepreneurship-an-opportunity-structure-for-entrepreneurial-women-in-rural-ar.pdf
Loden, M. (1985). Implementing Diversity (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Marsh, D., & Sharman, J. C. (2009). Policy diffusion and policy transfer. Policy Studies, 30(3), 269–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442870902863851
Lockert, M. (2022, March 10). Understanding what the glass ceiling is and how it affects women in the workplace. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/personal-finance/glass-ceiling
Memon, A. (2020). Analyzing the entrepreneurial ecosystem for women entrepreneurs: A study of rural Jamshoro, Pakistan. Indian Journal of Commerce & Management Studies, XI(3), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.18843/ijcms/v11i3/05
Memon, S. B., & Seaman, C. (2021). Empowering Women through Microfinance Banks in Rural Areas of Pakistan. In The Emerald Handbook of Women and Entrepreneurship in Developing Economies (pp. 391–408). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-326-020211020
Moorthy, K., Salleh, N. M. Z. N., Ting, L. C., Ling, L. P., Min Yeng, D., Jia Ning, L., Jer Sin, L., & Pui Mun, L. (2022). Gender Inequality Affecting Women’s Career Progression in Malaysia. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 23(1), 20-37. https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2706&context=jiws
Mustafa, F., Khursheed, A., Fatima, M., & Rao, M. (2021). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-09-2020-0149
Mutero, J., & Chummun, B. Z. (2022). Development of a framework for entrepreneur’s individual characteristics required to successfully run a woman owed SME foundry in South Africa. Gender and Behaviour, 20(2), 19807-19821. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/gab/article/view/229935
Nasir, M., I. R., & Akhtar, Ch. S. (2019). Factors Affecting Growth of Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation, 6(1), 56-70. https://doi.org/10.5296/jebi.v6i1.14456
Nishat, M., & Nadeem, T. (2016). Factors explaining the risk attitude towards entrepreneurship in Pakistan: An exploratory analysis. The Pakistan Development Review, 55(4I-II), 715–723. https://doi.org/10.30541/v55i4i-iipp.715-723
Noor, S., I., F. M., & Nor, L. M. (2021). Women Empowerment Through Women Entrepreneurship: A Comparison Between Women Entrepreneurs and Fulltime Housewife in Pakistan. Iranian Journal of Management Studies (IJMS), 14(4), 787-807. https://ijms.ut.ac.ir/article_77719_104b81982f9626fd6dd539521fe67c60.pdf
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2021). Pakistan Labour Force Survey 2020-21. Government of Pakistan. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/labour_force/publications/lfs2020_21/LFS_2020-21_Report.pdf
Panda, S. (2018). Constraints faced by women entrepreneurs in developing countries: review and ranking. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 33(4), 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-01-2017-0003
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Debroux, P. (2010). Female Entrepreneurship in East and South-East Asia (1st ed.). Chandos Publishing. Qureshi, J. A., Memon, S. B., & Seaman, C. (2021). Women entrepreneurial leaders as harbingers of economic growth: evidences from an emerging market of South Asia. 3C Empresa. Investigación y Pensamiento Crítico, 10(3), 137–169. https://doi.org/10.17993/3cemp.2021.100347.137-169
Rehman, S., & Azam Roomi, M. (2012). Gender and work-life balance: a phenomenological study of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(2), 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001211223865
Sehnem, S., Sarquis, A. B., Del Prá Netto, D., Martignago, G., & da Conceição, D. A. (2020). Towards an Analysis of Frugal Innovation: An Important Way to Achieve Sustainability. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence (Vol. 14, pp. 211–224). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57235-8_17
Solanki, N. (2019). WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PARADIGM SHIFT. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(1), 501–504. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7157
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Publicado
2026-03-28
Cómo citar
Mughal, M. T., Shah, U. L., & Iftikhar, H. (2026). Explorando las restricciones de género en las oportunidades emprendedoras para las mujeres en Pakistán. Interacción Y Perspectiva, 16(2), 500-520. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19358498
Sección
Artículos de Investigación
